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38 Cards in this Set
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Countervailing Power
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Who: Term coined by Galbraith
When: 1952 Where: U.S What: ability of large buyers in concentrated downstream markets to extract price concessions from suppliers. Its power resulted from state intervention. State intervention should raise up countervailing power. Why Sig: Modern economies give massive powers to large business corporations to bias this process, and there arise 'countervailing' powers in the form of trade unions, citizens' organizations and so on, to offset business's excessive advantage |
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Blitzkrieg
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Who: German
When: Effective during 1939-1941 WWII campaigns Where: Used by Germans in europe. Western journalists coined the term after their invasion of Poland. What: All mechanized force concentration of tanks infantry artillery and airpower concentrated on overwhelming with speed to break through enemy lines and continue moving forward. It kept enemy off balance making it difficult to respond to Why/Sig: It would later fail in the invasion of the soviet as it was ineffective in open Russian Steppe. Marked failure in Battle of Stalingrad and eventual decline of Germany |
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Lend Lease
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Who: US supplying UK, Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied Nations signed by FDR in 1941
When: between 1941-1945 Where: During European War What: Supplied other allied nations with vast amount of war materials. Why/Sig: Ended the pretense of the neutrality of the United States. In response German submarine sank US vessel outside he war zone. Significantly, it was a step away from American non-interventionism policy since the end of WWI and towards international involvement. Step toward becoming the major power. |
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Dunkirk
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Who: The British Expeditionary Force in France.
When: Where: In May 1940, during the Battle of France What: Cut off from rest of French Army by the German advance. They retreated to the area around the port of Dunkirk. The German army ignored the stop attack and allowed British to escape in few days by sea. Churchill ordered any ship ro boat available to pick up stranded soldiers. Miracle of Dunkirk Why/Sig: |
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Willow Run
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Who: Ford Motor Company
When: Constructed during WWII by Where: Located in Michigan What: For mass production of b24 liberator aircraft. Why/Sig: Allowed for mass production and later on used by GM to manufacture trucks |
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P-51
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Who: United States
When: During WWII Where: Used in raids over Europe What: American long-range single-seat World War II fighter aircraft. It built in just 117 days. Why/Sig: Helped ensure ally air superiority from early 1944. It also saw some use fighting the Japanese and Korean war. It was economical to produce and highly durable. |
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Hiroshima
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Who: United to Japan authorized by Truman
When: 1945 during the final stages of Wwii Where: What: conducted 2 atomic bombing. Hiroshima and Nagasaki Why/Sig: 6 days after Japan surrendered officially ending wwii. Its ethics? |
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Truman Doctrine
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Who:
When: 1947 Where: Made during the crisis of the Greek Civil War. What: Policy set by Truman stating that the U.S would support Greece and Turkey w/ economic and military aid to prevent falling into the Soviet Sphere. Why/Sig: British had previously supported Greece but was bankrupt and requested US to take over its role in supporting Greek. Sent 400million to the region and both joined NATO in 1952 for military protection. It informally became basis of American Cold War policy throughout the world, containment. It also marks the starting date of the cold War in some cases. Part of cold war strategy along with marshal act, |
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National Security Act
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Who: Signed by Truman
When: 1947 Where: On board presidential aircraft sacred cow the first Air Force One What: Realigned and reorganized the US Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence community apparatus in the aftermath of WWII. Why/Sig: It established first secretary of defense and later created Department of Defense. It merged Department of and Department of Navy and created a separate department of air force from existing army air force. Part of cold war strat along with Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine |
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Berlin Airlift
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Who: Allied Forces, Germany, Soviet
When: 1948-1949 during cold war era. Where: Berlin What: Berlin Blockade was one of the first crises of the Cold War. Soviet Union blocked western allies' railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. In response, Western Allies organized airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin. Why/Sig: By spring 49 effort was succeeding to the surprise of the Soviet. It effectively caused lift of the blockade and creation of two separate German States. |
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Sputnik
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Who: Russia
When: Begin in 1957 Where: Russia What: spacecraft mission launched by the Soviet Union, the first Sputnik was the first human made object to orbit the earth. The satellite's r-7 launch vehicle was initially designed to carry nuclear warheads. Why/Sig: The surprise of the Sputnik launch and the failure of the first two US launch attempts proved that US was not the world leader of space tech. Eisenhower called it the Sputnik Crisis because of the looming threat. It took part in Americas state of fear from the Soviet. It caused congress to pass National Defense Education Act and creation of NASA. |
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Checkers Speech
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Who: Nixon as a candidate
When: 1952 election Where: In LA, CA What: he was accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses. He delivered a half hour speech on TV to defend himself, attack opponent and urge people to tell RNC to keep him in the ticket. Its called checkers speech b/c he stated that regardless of what anyone says he intends to keep one gift: black and white dog named Checkers by the Nixon children. Why/Sig: it was heard by 60million Americans and led to huge public support for him. He was able to remain on the ticket and became VP. It was an early example of politician using TV to appeal directly to electorate |
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Interstate Highway Act
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Who: signed bill into law by Eisenhower in 1956. wrote by Colmery a wwi veteran and RNC chairman.
When: Where: us What: Authorized 25 billion dollars for the construction of Interstate Highway System supposedly over a 20 year period. Eisenhower believed US army would need good highways to able to transport troops across the country efficiently. Why/Sig: Significant because it was the largest public works project in American history through that time. |
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GI Bill
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Who: Signed by FDR in 1944,
When: Where: What: Omnibus bill that provided college or vocational education for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided different types of loans for returning vets to buy homes. Why/Sig: Importantly, low interest zero down payment home loans for servicemen enabled millions of American families to move out of urban apt and into suburban homes. |
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Alger Hiss
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Who: American lawyer, civil servant, businessman, author
When: Where: What: Involved in the establishment of the UN as US State Department and UN official. He was accused of being a soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in 1950. Why/Sig: significant because the argument about the case took center stage in a broader argument about the Cold War and the extent of Soviet espionage in the US. |
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Duck and Cover
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Who:
When: Where: What: suggested method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear weapon which the US gov taught to generations of US school children from the early 1950s into the 80s. Immediately after flash they stop and duck and cover Why/Sig |
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Nation Defense Education Act
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Who:
When: signed into law on 1058 Where: What: Provided funding to US education institutions at all levels. Authorized funding for 4 years, increasing funding per year: Why/Sig:: It was motivated by increase in the number of students attending college and national sense that US scientists were falling behind the Soviet Union's. It may have been catalyzed by early Soviet success in the Space Race, launch of Sputnik |
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Thurgood Marshall
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Who:
When: Nominated by Johnson in 1967 Where: First African American to serve on Supreme Court of the U.S. What: Why/Sig: Signified victory of the civil rights movement. Marshall worked for NAACP and helped bring victory in brown v board |
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Sweatt v. Painter
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Who:
When: 1950 Where: What: Sweatt was refused admission into law school of the University of Texas, whose president was Painter. At the time no law school in Texas accepted Blacks. Supreme Court reversed lower court decision, saying the separate school failed to qualify, both because quantitative difference and intangible factors. Why/Sig :US Supreme Court case that successfully applied in favor of a black applicant, the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1996 case Plessey v Ferguson. |
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Felix Frankfurter
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Who: Associate justice of the US Supreme Court
When: Where: What: Led an illustrious career which included supporting Soviet union and helped founding American Civl Liberty Union. He also acted as a loyal advisor of FDR after 1932. He recommended many bright young lawyers with New Deal admin Why/Sig: He coined the term "all deliberate speed" a phrase that gave school boards across country an excuse to defy the first brown decision. |
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Footnote 11, Brown v. Board
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Who:
When:1954 Where: What: Landmark decision for the US supreme court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. Overturned Plessey v Ferguson decision of 1986 which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Why/Sig:9-0. Established the separate facilities are inherently unequal. Racial segregation is a ruled violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th. It paved the way for INTEGRATION and the CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT |
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"With All deliberate speed"
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Who:
When: Where: What: In regards to the verdict to the Brown v Board. The phrase gave excuse for the States not to de-segregate right away. Why/Sig: Put into verdict b/c there was fear that states would outright revolt against it. Also executive branch was unwilling to back the decision so there wasn't a way to reinforce it. |
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Fair employment Practices Commission
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Who: Teddy Roosevelt created FEPC by signing 8802
When:1451 Where: What: implemented US executive order 8802 requiring that companies w/ government contracts not to discriminate on the basis of race or religion. Why/Sig: It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain job in the home front industry. |
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Civil Disobedience
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Who: Likes of Martin Luther King and Rosa parks influenced by Gandhi, Henry Davis Thoreau
When: 1950-1960 Where: US What: active professed refusal to obey certain law or command of a government. Usually non-violent. Include such as Montgomery Boy Boycott and March on Washington. Why/Sig: It brought end to racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience . |
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Bayard Rustin
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Who: American civil right activist.
When: 1960s Where: What: Chief organizer of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Why/Sig: Counseled MLK on the technique of nonviolent resistance. He also advocated on behalf of homosexual causes in latter part of his career |
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Tet Offensive
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Who: The Vietcong
When: During the Vietnam war 1968 Where: Vietnam What: Military campaign during the Vietnam War that began on 1968. Purpose was to strike military and civilian command centers throughout South Vietnam and spark general uprising among the population that would topple the Saigon govt and end the war. It was coined this way because they began during early morning hours on a holiday where the North and South two-day cease fire. It was the largest military operation conducted by either side. Why/Sig: It was ineffective and resulted in US and SV tactical victory. However VC were able to spread propaganda |
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Moynihan Report
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Who: written by Daniel Moynihan
When:1965 Where: What: Focused on the deep roots of black poverty in America and concluded that the relative absence of nuclear (Husband-wife) family would greatly hinder further progress toward economic and political equality. He wrote to Johnson that without access to jobs and means to contribute to support the family, black men would become systematically alienated from their roles as husband and fathers, causing fundamental problem in the black family. Why/Sig: |
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Project 100,000
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Who: Initiated by Defense secretary McNamara.
When:1960s Where: What: Program by US Depart of Defense to recruit soldiers that would have previously been below military mental or medical standards. It was part of Johnson's Great Society. Why/Sig: failed experiment |
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Southern Strategy
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Who: Republicans
When: late 20th century Where: america What: Refers to political strategy of winning elections in Southern states by exploiting anti-African American racism among Southern white voters and appealing to state's rights. Although the Solid south had been longtime Democratic party stronghold after American Civil War, many southern democratic were alienated from the party following African American Civil Rights Movement following Civil Rights Act signed by Johnson and desegregation. Why/Sig: Started by Nixon and later helped achieve Reagan and Bush sr achieve victory. Realignment of Southern states to the Republican Party. |
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Barry Goldwater
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Who: US senator from Arizona and Republican Party nominee for President in 1964 election. "Mr Conservative"
When: Prominent figure in 1960-64 era. Where: What: Rejected legacy of the New Deal and fought Johnson for presidency in 1964 and lost a landslides. Passed Goldwater-Nichols act of 1986, restructuring higher levels of Pentagon Why/Sig: He was the figure of conservatism. Often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s, also having impact on libertarian movement. Later conflicted w/ Republican party's religious affiliations. |
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Saturday Night Massacre
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Who:
When: 1973 Where: What: Term used for President Nixon's executive dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of AG Richardson and his Deputy William Ruckelshaus all in the same night during water gate. Why/Sig: Nixon's presidency would later |
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"The Speech" (Reagan)
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Who:
When: 1964 Where: What: pre-written speech presented on a number of occasions during the 1964 presidential election camping by Reagan on behalf of Barry Goldwater. Why/Sig: it raised 8 million dollars for Goldwater and launched Reagan's political career. He was asked to run for governor of California. |
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Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act
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Who:
When:1987 Where: What: Federal law that was enacted by the 100th US congress and signed into law by Reagan. Landmark legislation that increased emphasis on care and codified many provisions for the first time. Requires that each resident be evaluated upon admission and receive individualized care plan. Why/Sig: Part of Reaganomics |
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"Morning In America"
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Who: Reagan
When: 1984 Where: What: Effective political campaign tv commercial featuring opening line "It's morning again in America" featured montage of Americans going to work and a calm, optimistic narration highlighting the economic improvement since first election. Why/Sig: |
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Monetarism
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Who: formulated by Milton Friedman
When: Where: What: belief that variation in the money supply has major influences on national output in the short run and price level over longer periods and that objective of monetary policy are best met by targeting the growth rate of money supply. Excessive expansion of the money supply is inherently inflationary and that authorities should focus solely on maintaining price stability. Why/Sig: |
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Star Wars
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Who: Ronald Reagan
When: 1983 Where: What: Ground and space based system to protect US from attach by strategic nuclear missiles. Focused on defense rather than offense. It was crtiicized as being unrealistic as well as possible ignite offensive arms race. Intended to defend the US from attack from Soviet ICBMs by intercepting the missiles at various phase of their flight Why/Sig: Tipped the nuclear balance toward the U.S. Soviets feared SDI would enable US to launch first strike against them. Vast cost/effectiveness? Later resurface as National Missile Defense |
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Mujahedeen
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Who:
When: late 1970s Where: What: Muslim fighters, rebelled against the incumbent pro-Soviet Democratic Republic of Afghanistan govt during the 70s. Then fought against Soviet and DRA troops during the Soviet War in afghan. Why/Sig: |
