Final

Front 1

TIM23

Back 1

mitochondrial translocator in the inner membrane that moves proteins form the intermembrane space to the matrix

Front 2

Histone

Back 2

Protein that is used to fold DNA tightly

Front 3

Membrane potential

Back 3

voltage difference across a membrane due to a slight ion difference btwn the sides

Front 4

Buffered soln

Back 4

can accept of donate a proton so there is no or minimal change in pH

Front 5

describe the proofreading mechanisms involving DNA polymerase to correct mistakes generated in the replication process

Back 5

1. before making the covalent bond, it checks for mis-pairings
2. after covalent bond, it does EXONUCLEOLYTIC proofreading and removes mismatches with 3' to 5' proofreading ENDONUCLEASE

Front 6

name the 3 non-animal examples given in lecture and why they are important

Back 6

1. Esch·e·rich·i·a co·li
2. Sacc-haro-myces cerevisiae
2. Arab-i-dop-sis thaliana
1. short life/generation time
2. many offsprind

Front 7

explain when an ongoing action potential will affect an ongoing action potential

Back 7

When the sodium channels have been reactivated, a threshold potential will generate a new action potential(this threshold potential will likely be greater than the previous one)

Front 8

briefly explain the fluid mosaic model, including both the basic components and how they are physically interconnected

Back 8

the molecules of the lipid bilayer can move around the membrane(fluid) and that proteins are associated(mosaic). These components are noncovalently bonded to each other allowing for the movement of molecules

Front 9

potein Q is made in the cytosol but has its final location as within the intermembrane space but attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. List the steps necessary from after the protein is made until after it is residing in the inner membrane

Back 9

1. addition of HSP70s
2. recognition of mt signal sequence
3. translocation across out membrane by TOM
4. translocation across inner membrane by TIM23
5. cleaving of signal and recognition of second signal
6. addition of the inner membrane and translocation of the space by OXA

Front 10

Lysosome enzymes are synthesized in the ER. Explain two key factors about the transport of these proteins that are crucial to maintaining the proper function of the cell

Back 10

1. inactive so do not destroy cell components outside of lysosome
2. transporter(M6P receptor) is pH dependent so only releases in low pH lysosomes

Front 11

name the 3 non-animal examples given in lecture and why they are important

Back 11

1. Esch·e·rich·i·a co·li
2. Sacc-haro-myces cerevisiae
2. Arab-i-dop-sis thaliana
1. short life/generation time
2. many offsprind

Front 12

explain when a neww threshhold potential will affect an ongoing action potential

Back 12

When the sodium channels have been reactivated, a threshold potential will generate a new action potential(this threshold potential will likely be greater than the previous one)

Front 13

briefly explain the fluid mosaic model, including both the basic components and how they are physically interconnected

Back 13

the molecules of the lipid bilayer can move around the membrane(fluid) and that proteins are associated(mosaic). These components are noncovalently bonded to each other allowing for the movement of molecules

Front 14

potein Q is made in the cytosol but has its final location as within the intermembrane space but attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. List the steps necessary from after the protein is made until after it is residing in the inner membrane

Back 14

1. addition of HSP70s
2. recognition of mt signal sequence
3. translocation across out membrane by TOM
4. translocation across inner membrane by TIM23
5. cleaving of signal and recognition of second signal
6. addition of the inner membrane and translocation of the space by OXA

Front 15

Lysosome enzymes are synthesized in the ER. Explain two key factors about the transport of these proteins that are crucial to maintaining the proper function of the cell

Back 15

1. inactive so do not destroy cell components outside of lysosome
2. transporter(M6P receptor) is pH dependent so only releases in low pH lysosomes

Front 16

the ER, Golgi, and "-somes" are grouped into one family of organelles. Explain two distinctly different reasons why this grouping is appropriate

Back 16

1. all involved in secretory and endocytic pathways
2. lumens(cavity within a tube) communicate via budding and fusion

Front 17

which accessory protein ataches AF to the plasma membrane?

Back 17

spectrin

Front 18

correct statements about about collagen

Back 18

1. it has a triple helix structure
2. its orientation is governed by fibroblasts
3. it is made of subunits called fibrils

Front 19

correct statements about scaffold proteins

Back 19

1. they are found in the POSTsynaptic membrane
2. they ORGANIZE connectors like the Ig superfamily
3. they are associated with signal-relaying junctions

Front 20

correct statements about cell cycle signals and controls

Back 20

1. all of the necessary Cdks are ALWAYS present in the cell
2. the Cdk-activating kinase(CAK) adds a phosphate to the Cdk-cyclin complex
3. addition of a ubiquitin tag with DECREASE the effectiveness of the Cdk-cyclin complex

Front 21

for the electron transport chain, which component is a transmembrane enzyme?

Back 21

1. cytochrome b-c1
2. NADH sehydrogenase
3. cytochrome oxidase

Front 22

correct statements about cell junctions

Back 22

1. HEMIdesmisomes attach epithelial cells to the basal lamina
2. the adherens junction can be involved in the folding of a tissue layer
3. immunoglobulins create a WEAKER attachment to cadherens
4. selectins bind to carbs creating a WEAK attachment

Front 23

correct statements about glycoaminoglycans

Back 23

1. they have LOTS OF NEGATIVE charge, so are HYDROPHILIC
2. they are composed of long sugar chains with repeating dissacharides
3. hyaluronan is a very SIMPLE and ATYPICAL glycoaminoglycan

Front 24

name one extracellular and one intracellular signal that induces apoptosis

Back 24

1. fas ligand binding
2 stress

Front 25

3 steps critical to motor protein movement

Back 25

1. binding
2. ATP hyrolysis
3. conformation changes

Front 26

in cellular physiology, anabolism generally occurs via 1. _ reactions like the synthesis of 2._ the energy storage molecule with the greatest energy per gram

Back 26

1. reduction
2. triglycerides

Front 27

to be able to do long-term studies of the cell cycle with a disruptive mutation. the mutation must be 1._ meaning that it has 2._ and 3._ environmental scenarios

Back 27

1. conditional
2. permissive
3. restrictive

Front 28

microtubules are made of 1._ units. Their polymerization is regulated by 2._. They are stabilized by 3._, but destabilized(not severed) by 4._

Back 28

1. tubulin
2. stathmin
3. MAPs
4. catastrophe factor/kinesin 13

Front 29

list 3 distinctly different functions of cell attachments

Back 29

1. communication
2. migration
3. strength and support

Front 30

platelet activation is facilitated by the accessory protein 1._ while the creation of lamellipodia for its crawling is due to the accessory protein 2._

Back 30

1. gelsolin
2. filamin

Front 31

name the 3 steps in caners gradual development

Back 31

1. accumulation of mutations
2. tumor growth
3. metastasis

Front 32

cadherin

Back 32

a CALCIUM-DEPENDENT protein that creates a HOMOPHILIC binding btwn two cells creating an ANCHORING JXN

Front 33

cofilin

Back 33

ACCESSORY PROTEIN that DESTABILIZES older ADP-actin by causing a TIGHTER TWIST of the two PROTOFILAMENTS

Front 34

sarcoma

Back 34

BENIGN CANCER of CONNECTIVE TISSUE OR MUSCLE

Front 35

mitogens

Back 35

an EXTRACELLULAR, REGULATORY protein that STIMULATES MITOSIS by OVERCOMING BRAKES

Front 36

name the 3 steps in caners gradual development

Back 36

1. accumulation of mutations
2. tumor growth
3. metastasis

Front 37

cadherin

Back 37

a CALCIUM-DEPENDENT protein that creates a HOMOPHILIC binding btwn two cells creating a ANCHORING JXN

Front 38

cofilin

Back 38

ACCESSORY PROTEIN that DESTABILIZES older ADP-actin by causing a TIGHTER TWIST of the two PROTOFILAMENTS

Front 39

sarcoma

Back 39

BENIGN CANCER of CONNECTIVE TISSUE OR MUSCLE

Front 40

mitogens

Back 40

an EXTRACELLULAR, REGULATORY protein that STIMULATES MITOSIS by OVERCOMING BRAKES

Front 41

name the two main forms of energy storage and give two reasons why one is better than the other

Back 41

1. glycogen
2. triglycerides
-triglycerides are better because they have more energy per gram and all building blocks can be converted into it

Front 42

explain two distinctly different processes that decrease the activity of cyclin-cound cyclin-dependent kinases while still maintaining the association of the complex

Back 42

1. phosphorylation by Wee1 blocks the site
2. Cdk inhibitor proteins bind the complex and disrupt the active site

Front 43

name and explain 3 reasons why AF assembly is a dynamic process

Back 43

1. Noncovalent boding- allows for easier breaking
2. they are able to diffuse readily inside the cell
3. they are able to assemble on their own once they reach nucleation

Front 44

how is the ECM produced, name the 2 main categories of components within the ECM and one example of each

Back 44

1. secreted by cells(fibroblasts)
2. proteins and polysaccharides(GAGs)
3. collagen and proteoglycans

Front 45

list the five different requirements for the cell-cycle control system

Back 45

1. clock/timer
2. limits on events
3. sequence control
4. backup mechanism
5. flexibility

Front 46

explain the activation of Cdk

Back 46

Cdks are always present in the cell. the cyclins that bind to them creating a partially activated complex are only occasionally present. The c-Cdk complex needs to by phosphorylated by Cdk-activating kinase(CAK) to be fully activated

Front 47

explain 2 key impacts created by occluding junctions

Back 47

1. limits fluidity of plasma membrane mosaic
2. limits extracellular fluid movement

Front 48

explain the activation of Cdk

Back 48

Cdks are always present in the cell. the cyclins that bind to them creating a partially activated complex are only occasionally present. The c-Cdk complex needs to by phosphorylated by Cdk-activating kinase(CAK) to be fully activated

Front 49

explain the difference btwn bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins in cross-linking AF. include 2 types with their functional differences

Back 49

Bundling proteins: Link AF in parallel arrays
1. close linkages for protection
2. far linkages for contraction
Gel-forming proteins: hold 2 AFs at large angle
1. filamin forms a loose, highly viscous gel
2. spectrin forms flexible connection for attaching to PM

Front 50

explain 2 key impacts created by occluding junctions

Back 50

1. limits fluidity of plasma membrane mosaic
2. limits extracellular fluid movement

Front 51

explain the difference btwn bundling proteins and gel-forming proteins in cross-linking AF. include 2 types with their functional differences

Back 51

Bundling proteins: Link AF in parallel arrays
1. close linkages for protection
2. far linkages for contraction
Gel-forming proteins: hold 2 AFs at large angle
1. filamin forms a loose, highly viscous gel
2. spectrin forms flexible connection for attaching to PM