Film Study Guide

Front 1

Diagetic Sound

Back 1

Sound coming from within the diagetic (film) world

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Internal diagetic sound:

Back 2

Sound that comes from within a character (voiceovers)

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External diagetic sound-

Back 3

sound that comes from a physical source within the film

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Onscreen:

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The physical source of the sound can be seen on the screen

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Offscreen

Back 5

the physical source of the sound is not on screen, but still exists in the diagetic world (Example: hearing a train approacing but only seeing an image of the station)

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Non-Diagetic sound

Back 6

Sound coming from a source outside the diagetic world

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Sound perspective

Back 7

The use of sound to orient the viewer in the diagetic world by giving them a sense of spatial distance through clues like volume

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Sound Bridge

Back 8

using sound to connect two scenes by having the sound from one scene overlap with the images of the other scene

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Asynchronous sound

Back 9

sound that is out of synch with what is happening on screen

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Auditory or sound motif-

Back 10

repeated bits of sound used to give the viewer additional information about the scene

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sound-image co-ordination

Back 11

matching of sound with the images on screen

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Diegetic sound-

Back 12

is a sound that has source in the film world
The words spoken by the characters, sounds made by the objects in the story, and music represented as coming from instruments in the story are all diegetic sound

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Sound bridge

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Refers to an outgoing sound (either dialogue or sound effects) in one scene that continues over into a new image or shot

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Asynchronous

Back 14

Sound which is indigenous to the action but not precisely synchronized with the action

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sound-image

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dissonance or counterpoint-using sound that contradicts the images the viewer is seeing on screen

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Fade-in:

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Scene begins dark and gradually adds the color/light of the next shot

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Fade-out:

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Shot gradually fades to black

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Dissolve:

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Shot A gradually turns into Shot B

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Wipe:

Back 19

Shot B replaces Shot A while moving across the screen

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Parallel editing:

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editing that alternates shots of two or more lines of action occurring in different places, usually simultaneously. EFFECT: to establish a connection or commonality between two different scenes or characters

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Continuity editing:

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A system of cutting to maintain clear and continuous action an narration.

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EFFECT: .

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Allows audience to feel as though they know the characters; absorbs them in the story and connect with the characters

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The 180 degree line (rule) .

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aka axis of action: imaginary line that passes from side to side through the main actors, defining the spatial relations of all the elements of the scene as being to the right or left. Camera is not supposed to cross the axis, which would reverse the spatial relations

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Establishing shot:

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Shot that tells where the scene takes place. It establishes the setting/space of the scene.

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Shot/Reverse shot:

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Shot of the opposite end of the axis of action. Establishes an interaction between both objects in the shot.

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Discontinuous editing:

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Editing that doesn't follow the conventions of continuity editing. It shows passage of time in a way that the audience sees the cuts.

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EFFECT:

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Audience is prevented from fully connecting with the characters; they may feel disoriented

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Jump cuts:

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When two shots of the same subject are cut together but are not sufficiently different in camera distance and angle. There is a noticeable jump onscreen.

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Genre Conventions

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Elements or commonalities which are often if not always present in a given genre, such as the musical numbers which define a musical or the good vs. bad conflict which is prevalent in Westerns.

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Iconography

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- Items or objects which are commonly associated with a genre, such as tumbleweed, spurs, cowboy hats, horses, and sheriff badges in a Western movie

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Ritual and ideological functions of genre

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- The belief that genres are ceremonies that are satisfying because they reaffirm cultural values with little variation.

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Subjective documentary

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-ocumentary which features the author/filmmaker and is used as a medium through which they can present their ideology to the masses.

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Direct cinema (cinema verite) documentary

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-Records an ongoing event as it happens with minimal interference by the filmmaker.

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Talking heads documentary

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- An interview style of documentary which records testimony about events or social movements.