Film Editing & Dvd Authoring Terminology

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chroma key

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An electric matting process for combining two or more video images into a credible composite form.

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cut

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An instantaneous change from one scene to another.

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cutaway

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Another way of Elliptical Editing. A shot of another event elsewhere that will not last as long as the elided action.

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dissolve

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A gradual merging of the end of one shot into the beginning of the next, produced by the superimposition of a fade-out onto a fade-in of equal length.

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edit point

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The position on the tape where two scenes are joined to create an edit. The end of one scene is joined by means of a splice to the beginning of the second scene.

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fade-in

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The beginning of a shot that starts in darkness and gradually lightens to full brightness.

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fade-out

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The beginning of the shot starts in full brightness and gradually darkens to black.

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frame

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a single image on the strip of film. when a series of frames is projected onto a screen in quick succession, an illusion of movement is created.

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frame rate
`

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in shooting, the number of frames exposed per second; in projection, the number of frames thrown on the screen per second. If the two are the same, the speed of the action appears normal, whereas a disparity creates slow or fast motion. The standard rate in sound cinema is 24 frames per second (fps) for both shooting and projection, although some European films aiming at television broadcast are shot at 25 fps. In video, common frame rates are 23.98 fps, 24 fps, 25 fps, 30 fps, and 60 fps.

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generation

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Each copy of the original videotape. A deterioration of quality results from the process of copying.

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iris in, iris out

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A decorative fade-in or fade-out in which the image appears or disappears as a growing or diminishing oval. This effect was used often in the silent cinema era.

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jump cut

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A cut that breaks the continuity of time by jumping forward from one part of an action to another that is obviously separated from the first by an interval of time.

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cross-cut

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Sometimes referred to as inter-cutting or parallel editing. The intermingling of shots from two or more scenes. An alternating of scenes sometimes implies an eventual relationship between them.

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digital

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An electronic signal system composed of voltages that are turned on or off. Data in digital form may be copied many times with virtually no loss of quality (degradation) because the data are not altered or distorted as they go through the electronic system.

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montage

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A compilation of images.

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nonlinear editing

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Editing videotape out of sequence. It allows the editor to build or switch segments in any manner.

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off-line edit

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Editing video material using low-cost equipment to produce rough cut before using expensive broadcast-standard equipment for the final work.

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on-line edit

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The last stage of videotape editing, which results in a final master tape. Time-coded off-line edit decisions are used to create the master tape

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parallel action

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A device of narration construction in which the development of two pieces of action is represented by alternately showing a fragment of one and then a fragment of another.

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parallel cut

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Sometimes referred to as parallel editing. The intermingling of shots from two or more scenes. An alternating of scenes sometimes implies an eventual relationship between them.

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post-production

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The editing of prerecorded material, including the use of special effects and audio dubbing.

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reaction shot

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A cut to a performer's face to capture an emotional response.

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stock shot

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Also known as library shot. A shot used in a film but not recorded specifically for it. Often, newsreel footage is stock, or library, footage filmed previously but copied and used for another film or television show. Journalistic films often rely extensively on library shots.

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time code

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A coding system, usually binary, recorded on audiotape, videotape, and sometimes on film for subsequent synchronization and editing. It denotes hours, minutes, and seconds and allows frames to be identified.

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time code generator

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An electronic clock that generates and assigns to each video or audio frame a unique identification number of eight digits.

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wipe

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A transition from one shot to another in which a line appear to travel across the screen, removing one shot and revealing another.

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Editing for Rhythm

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Shots said to be edited for rhythm when filmmaker adjusts the length of shots in relation to one another. Will use shot duration to create a stressed, accented moment; or will use shot duration to de-accentuate an action.

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Kuleshov Effect

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When the audience thinks the expression changes but in actuality the expression stays the same

Soviet film theorist and director Lev Kuleshov

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Crosscutting

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Also known as Parallel editing. Going back and forth between two different scenes.

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Temporal relations in Narrative film

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Editing usually contributes to the plot's manipulation of story time.

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Elliptical Editing

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When the editing presents an action so that it consumes less time on screen than it does in the story. Examples are Montage, Fast Motion, Benny Hill chase sequence. Also in transitions such as the Dissolve, Wipe or Fade it is assumed by the spectator that some time has been omitted.

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Overlapping Action

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If the action from the end of one shot is partly repeated at the beginning of the next.

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Continuity Editing

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Classical editing, editing for the story. Hide the edit, smooth flow over the shots.

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Axis of Action

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Also known as the Center Line or the 180 degree line. The place where the camera can be placed in in the continuity editing system, the imaginary line that passes through the main actors of the principal movement. The axis of action defines the spatial relations of all the elements of the scene as being to the right or left. The camera is not supposed to cross the axis at a cut and thus reverse those spatial relations. The axis of action is also called the 180 degree line.

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Screen Direction

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The movement of a figure in the frame. A Person moving left to right on a street must be matched moving left to right in Continuity editing, otherwise it will disorient the spectator.

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Match on Action

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A person begins standing in one shot, then finishes standing another shot.

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Point-Of-View Shot

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A subjective shot that reproduces a character’s optical POV, often preceded and/or followed by shots of the character looking

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Jump Cut

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When two shot of the same subject are cut together but are not sufficiently different in camera distance and angle. A noticeable jump on screen.

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30 degree rule

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A cinematography and editing rule that specifies that a shot should only be followed by another shot taken from a position greater than 30 degrees from that first

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Inter-scene Editing

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Scene to Scene editing.

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Intra-scene Editing

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Editing within the scene.

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Temporal relations

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Editing is the process by which the difference between temporal duration and screen duration is reconciled.

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Axis of Action (180 Degree Rule)

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States that two characters in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other.

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conventions of continuity editing

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establishing shot
shot reverse shot
eyeline match
180 degree rule
30 degree rule
cutting on action
montage
discontinuity editing

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Reaction shot

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A shot that depicts a character’s response to something shown in a previous shot

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Reestablishing shot

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A shot during an edited sequence that returns to an establishing shot to restore a seemingly objective view to the spectator

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DVD

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short for digital versatile disc or digital video disc, a home video device containing moving-image content and played on a dedicated player or a game console or computer.

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letter boxed

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letterboxed

blocking off the top and bottom strips of the TV frame to accommodate a smaller version of the widescreen image

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mise-en-scene

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A French theatrical
term meaning literally "put on stage," used in film studies to refer to all the elements of a movie scene that are organized, often by the director, to be filmed and that are later visible onscreen.
They include the scenic elements of a movie-such as actors, lighting, sets, costumes, make-up and
other features of the image that
exist independently of the camera and the processes of filming and editing.

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Three basic elements in the construction of the shooting script

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Shot, scene, sequence

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Scene

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– a segment in a narrative film that takes place in one time and space or that uses crosscutting to show two or more simultaneous actions

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Shot

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A strip of motion picture film that has been taken in In Filmmaking and video production, a shot is a series of frames, that runs for an uninterrupted period of time. Shots are generally filmed with a single camera and can be of any duration.

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Sequence

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a series of scenes or shots unified by a shared action or motif.

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Transitions

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a technique used in the post-production process of film editing and video editing by which scenes or shots are combined. Most commonly this is through a normal cut to the next scene. Most films will also include selective use of other transitions, usually to convey a tone or mood, suggest the passage of time, or separate parts of the story. These other transitions may include dissolves, L cuts, fades (usually to black), match cuts, and wipes.

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Simple cut

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A basic cut; Shot A abruptly ends and Shot B abruptly begins

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Cross Dissolve

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The "Cross Dissolve" transition fades out clip A while fading in clip B.

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B-roll

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B-roll, B roll, or B-roll is the supplemental or alternate footage intercut with the main shot in an interview or documentary.

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Breaking the fourth wall?

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Breaking the fourth wall is speaking directly to the audience, including them in the situation.

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Pacing

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varying the length of shots, thus, guiding the viewers in their emotional response to the scene

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3 Reasons to cutaway

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1. adjust pacing/compress time
2. hide mistakes
3. show emphasis

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3 Gimmicky Transitions

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1. Iris
2. 3D Spins
3. Page turns

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A dip to color denotes:

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A long passage of time

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Pre-production

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Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and film crew are hired, locations are selected, and sets are built.

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Production

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The raw elements for the finished film are recorded.

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Post-Production

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the video/film is assembled by the video/film editor

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3 elements of production

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1. Pre-production
2. Production
3. Post-production