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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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J Stewart Blackton
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Animator that founded Vitagraph Studios which later became Warner Bros; worked with Thomas Edison to develop trick-film;
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"Enchanted Drawing"
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1900 trick-film by Blackton and Edison
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Trick-Film
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When camera is stopped, can alter drawings so it looks animated.
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"Humorous Phases of Funny Faces"
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1906 first animated film by Blackton; mostly chalk drawings in sequence to show animated faces
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Emile Cohl
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Frenchmen specializing in metamorphosis; "Fantasmagories" 1907; grandfather of animation
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Windsor McCay
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Worked in newspaper doing comic strips and editorial cartoons; proved that animation had artistic potential; father of the art of animation
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"Little Nemo in Slumberland"
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1911; figures move in perspective and have anatomy; it is in color because the artist tinted each frame; 4000 drawings done in ink and rice paper
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"Gertie the Dinosaur"
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1914; first time people really understand that it was true animation; first example of character animation; the film had movement and perspective, Gertie had weight; more 5000+
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Character Animation
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A character has personality expressed through movement
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Slash system
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Way of printing a background so it would remain the same and using a cut out from another sheet of paper
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3 ways for studios to commercialize cartoons
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1. Paper was punched and had pegs in the top to make sure the character would stay in the same place
2. Slash system 3. Cycling |
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Cycling
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Using the same drawings if the sequence is the same. Example: a character running
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JR Bray
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Very successful studio head of animation; "Heeza Liar" based on Teddy Roosevelt
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William Hurd
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1914; invented the cell which would become industry standard until computer animation
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Rubber hose animation
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make characters arms and legs long and rubbery without joints so you don't have to worry about their movement
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Paul Terry
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Inventor of "Terrytoons" and "Mighty Mouse"
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"Flying Hooves" from Farmer Alfalfa
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1920s; different animators worked on the film-viewers can tell the difference in styles, gags, storyline not related
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Pat Sullivan
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Sullivan Studios, Australian, hired Otto Messmer who created Felix the Cat
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Otto Messmer
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creator of Felix the Cat in 1920s; but had no rights to Felix as the animator so when Sullivan (the owner of Felix's right) died in 1933 so did Felix; Messmer studied McCay and Charlie Chaplin
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"Musical Mews"
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1919; also same year as "Feline Follies"; Felix was black because the lens was less jittery and easier to draw; showed that Felix had personality w/ his signature walk
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"Felix in Hollywood"
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1923; cartoon had structure, story, facial expressions
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"Comic Calamities"
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1928; Felix was more rounded and appealing; use of cell animation and cycling; redesign gave him personality
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Ub Iwerks
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Ub and Walt Disney taught themselves how to animate from a book in the library; created Newman's Laugh-O-Grams; started studio with Disney in 1919 that lasted a month; during Silly Symphonies in the 1930s friction with Disney leading to his departure in 1930 over his desire to be the only animator; went back to work for Disney in 1940
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"Laugh-O-Grams"
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1922; Disney created short films; updates of fairy tales and fables
Animators: Ub Iwerks, Hugh Harmon, Friz Freleng, Rudolph Ising "Puss in Boots" 1922 |
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"Alice's Wonderland"
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1923; mix of animation and live action; bankrupted Disney's studio; made into a series called "Alice in Cartoonland"
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"Rattled by Rats"
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1925; part of "Alice in Cartoonland" series; Julius the cat looks alot like Felix; rats are precursors to Mickey; rubber hose animation; by this point the live action is pretty much push aside
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Karl Laemelle
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through Universal contracted Disney to do another series "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit"
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"Silly Symphonies"
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Disney worked with Karl Stalling on cartoons based on Symphonies; no dialogue, just visual synchronization; Ub Iwerks was lead animator
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Karl Stalling
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Organist the did the soundtrack for "Steamboat Willie" in 1928; later worked with Disney on Silly Symphonies; went to Warner Bros in 1936 and worked on "Comi Color" series
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"Plane Crazy"
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1928; first animated but third released; Mickey had no shoes, less round face, but still had shorts-more crude version; Minnie had no bow but wore a white skirt; much more 3rd dimensional but still used rubberhose animation
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"Steamboat Willie"
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1928; Mickey has shoes now!; first cartoon with soundtrack done by Karl Stalling; Disney put everything into this cartoon, luckily it's success paid off
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Mickey Mouse
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post-Steamboat Willie, replaced Felix as the most popular cartoon character; Mickey was Walt Disney's alter-ego, he did the voice until WWII when he voice became too raspy; by the 1930s Mickey merchandise became really popular and saved Disney
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Pluto
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first appeared in 1933 in "Playful Pluto"
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Goofy
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first appeared in 1933 in "Mickey's Revue"; originally Goofy the Dawg; perfect dumb, goofball to counter Mickey's personality
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Donald
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first appeared in 1934, "Orphan's Benefit" was his first temper tantrum
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"Band Concert"
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1935; first Mickey cartoon in color; has storyline and plot; gags rebuild and repeat; smooth animation and characters have personality
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"Through the Mirror"
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1936; Mickey is much more well liked, appealing moves easily; more round, charming energetic and boyish-very likeable
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"The Skeleton Dance"
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1929; first Silly Symphony; dark no real story; still had some rubber hose animation
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Pat Powers
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developed Cinephone worked with Disney for "Steamboat Willie" and distributed first few Disney cartoons
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"Flowers and Trees"
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1932; 3 strip technicolor debuted; expensive because cells could not be reused due to new colors staining them; won first Oscar in the new category Best Animated Short
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3 Strip Technicolor
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debuted in 1932; Disney given exclusive rights; so important because it was 3 strip which allowed for many more color palette options
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Art Babbitt
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created Goofy, did "Three Little Pigs" "Snow White" "Fantasia"; highest paid animator and started anatomy drawing lessons in his own home for the other Disney artists until Disney found out and started the classes in the studio-led to ability to animate human characteristics
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"The Three Little Pigs"
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1933; character animation; "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf" became; anthem of the depression; first cartoon to use a story board which allowed for pre-editing; Disney cartoons were better constructed with clear beginning, middle, and end
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"Goddess of Spring"
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1934; first step to create a female heroine character; ambitious but didn't not work; attempting to figure out how to successfully create a heroine
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Grim Natwick
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lead animator on "Snow White"; great animator in the female form; animated Betty Boop for Fleischer, and later worked for Iwerks Studio
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"Cookie Carnival"
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1935; shows how much just one year of training changed Disney animation; big step towards feature films; solidity of steps , movements and stronger characters
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"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"
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1937 first American animated feature film ; had to hire 300+ animators; took 4 years and $2 million to produce; good storyline; strong supporting characters to keep attention; emotional value; grossed more than $8 million
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Fleischer Studio
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Max and David Fleischer; 1915 used a rotoscope; Koko the Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye the Sailor Man, Gulliver's Travels, WWII cartoons; Superman, Casper
Fleischer became Famous Studio and then became Paramount Cartoons |
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Rotoscope
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used to trace human qualities into animation
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"Out of the Ink-well"
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1919; featured KoKo the clown; Koko was retired in 1929 because didn't want to make him talk
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"Bedtime"
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1923; Koko the Clown was just black and white
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"Coming Thru'The Rye"
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1926; Song Car-toons; the famous bouncing ball was featured in these (like Disney Sing-A-Longs!)
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"Dizzy Dishes"
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1932; Betty Boop introduced
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Betty Boop
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Fleischer Studio character; originally a dog; curls! hair! sex appeal! Production code caused Betty Boop to be censored-no more whore; later paired with Popeye
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"Snow White"
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1933; Betty Boop cartoon; no storyline; inhibited energy-story is a vehicle rather than a frame of animation
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"House Cleaning Blues"
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1937; 3-D sets and backgrounds; Fleischer Studio used post-sync which did not worked (as opposed to Disney who used pre-sync)
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Multi-plane camera
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Disney used many panes of glass to create depth in background
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Rotating sets
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Fleischer Studio used to create depth while Disney used multi-plane camera
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Popeye the Sailor Man
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Fleischer Studio; paired with Betty Boop but took off; very popular, animation was more solid although Olive Oil was rubbery; by 1938 was rivaling Mickey as most popular cartoon
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"A Dream Walking"
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1934; Popeye cartoon with urban grit setting; very popular
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"Poor Cinderella"
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1934; w/ Betty Boop attempt to be like Disney; but only had 2 strip technicolor so colors were weird-acidy orange and pale blue
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"Dancing on the Moon"
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1935; strange story less believable; not as good esp when compared to "Cookie Carnival"
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"Gulliver's Travels"
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1939; tried to make it in 1 1/2 years; characters never mesh because it's 3 different styles of animation: rotoscoped, free-hand animation, and background
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Warner Bros
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Leon Schlesinger; Merrie Melodies
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Leon Schlesinger
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founded Warner Bros
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"Shuffle Off to Buffalo"
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1933; one of the first Merrie Melody; shipping off babies by Father Time; example of racial stereotypes; no real story;
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Merrie Melodies
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Warner Bros version of Silly Symphonies; in color by mid 1930s
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Hugh Harmom
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Originally with Disney for Laugh-O-Grams; came to Warner Bros, went to MGM in 1934
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Rudolph Ising
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Originally with Disney for Laugh-O-Grams; came to Warner Bros; went to MGM in 1934
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"I Haven't Got a Hat"
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1935; important b/c it was first film to feature film to feature Porky Pig
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Porky Pig
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First character to last at Warner Bros
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Tex Avery
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came to Warner Bros in 1936 and left in 1942 to go to MGM; did not use reoccurring characters except with Droopy and Red; focused on rash aggressive humor; Avery liked to do things that were not realistically possible, and worked at Universal too (animator whore)
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Bob Clampett
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"Pork in Wacky Land" 1938; "Russian Rhapsody" 1944;
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"Porky's Romance"
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1937; in which Frank Taslin created rapid cutting
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Rapid cutting
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Moved cartoon along and gave it energy; featured in "Porky's Romance" by Frank Taslin
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"A Wild Hare"
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1940; Bugs' and Elmer Fudd's debut; fast cuts, extreme expressions, breaking of 4th wall by talking to the audience, better animation and solid figures
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Ben Hartaway
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Creator of Bugs Bunny by writing "Bug's Bunny" on top of a sketch
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Iwerks Studio
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Ub Iwerks left Disney in 1930 and created own studio w/ cartoons featuring Flip the Frog; developed 2 plane camera to add depth
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"Spooks"
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1932; Flip the Frog cartoon; skeletons collecting other skeletons; rubber hose, doesn't really make sense; Flip the Frog was changed and essentially looked like an ugly little boy
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"Comi Color"
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Iwerks' series with:
"Jack Frost" 1935 "Headless Horseman" 1934 "Ballonland" 1935 Music was done by Karl Stalling; Grim Natwick did animation Series have no charm or warmth of Silly Symphonies |
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Walter Lantz
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worked for Universal Studios; he was give Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in 1930s-Lantz created animated studio as part of Universal and made 26 films a year; was an independent producer but still worked for Universal; only spending $8,000 per cartoon (Disney was spending 6-8x as much; Swing Symphonies
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"Confidence"
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1933; Oswald cartoon; same year as "Three Little Pigs" with a singing FDR, very rubber hose, Mickey Mouse looking mice and a Felix looking character
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Woody Woodpecker
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1940 introduced in "Knock Knock" an Andy Panda cartoon; first Woody had stubby legs and a flat head, but still had signature laugh; mean spirited and tormented other characters for no reason
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Van Beuren Studio
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had lots of potential but never went anywhere; "In A Cartoon Studio"; STudio ended when distributor RKO went with Disney in 1936
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"Molly the Moo Cow and the Butterflies"
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1935; Van Beuren Studio; part of Rainbow Parade (wanted to be like Silly Symphonies); can see the different animators worked on her because her movements vary from scene to scene; Molly the Moo Cow was closest thing to reoccurring character
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"Pinocchio"
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1940; multi-plane shot opening; all characters are likeable and have personality; not afraid to be scary to the audience (scene with Monstro); but failed to be as successful as Snow White mostly because of WWII and lack of a foreign market
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"Fantasia"
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1940; Tchaikovsky conducted all the classical music; critics struggled to understand concept of the film and was not necessarily a hit but went down in animation history for technical aspects; re-released in 1969 and became much more popular; Disney was forced to pull back and it was called his "flawed masterpiece"
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"Nutcracker Suite"
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part of 1940 "Fantasia"; good if not amazing animation; cells took up to 6 hours each
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"Dance of the Hours"
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part of 1940 "Fantasia"; animators worked with pro ballerinas to draw accurate movements; themed lines and spatial organization
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Fantasound
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technical innovation that accompanied the movie; precursor to stereo
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"The Night on Bald Mountain"
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part of 1940 "Fantasia"; done by Tytla who also did Grumpy and Dumbo
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"Dumbo"
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1941; made quickly (18 months) and cheaply (< $1 million) returned to clown animation; Dumbo was first war-time feature OR last pre-war feature; successful because had honest emotion; animation was by Tytla
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"Bambi"
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1942; last of Disney's "Big 5" no sustained fantasy; backgrounds were impressionistic; comedy comes out of characters; critics complained that the cartoon was too realistic and not a huge success; script had fewer than 1000 words
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Cartoons during World War II
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Cartoons were used as morale boosters; themes centered around war, production, and enlistment; animation also used for instructional videos; studios use the most were Fleischer and Disney
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"The Thrifty Pig"
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1942; Disney; The Three Little Pigs except the Pig is war proofing his house and the wolf was a Nazi; the bricks were war bonds
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"Der Fuehrer's Face"
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1943; Disney; most famous of Disney war cartoons, won an Oscar; same artist as Dumbo's "Pink Elephants on Parade"; Donald Duck as Nazi solider in a nightmare, wakes up in American flag PJS, proud to be an American
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"Victory through Air Power"
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1943; Disney; promoted air strikes; symbolism: American Bald Eagle and Octopus as Japan
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"The New Spirit"
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1943; Disney; Donald getting excited about filing taxes;
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"Saludos Amigos"
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1943; Disney went to South America on a good will trip; had Donald Duck as a tourist in Lake Titicaca, well received
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"The Three Caballeros"
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1945; Disney animated by Kimbell one of 9 old men; much more coherent amusing wild and surreal; Donald, Jose from Brazil, and Ponchito from Mexico; aggressive humor with good reviews
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"Any Bonds Today"
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Warner Bros; featured Bugs, Porky, and Elmer Fudd singing about buying savings bonds
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"Bugs Bunny Nips the Nip"
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1944; animation focused on individuals like Hitler and Mussolini, but when it came to the Japanese it focused on the race; Japanese portrayed with buck teeth and incoherent
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"Cole Black and the Seven Dwarfs"
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1943; Warner Bros; reeeeeally racist
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"Gripes"
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1943; Warner Bros; directed by Fritz Freleng written by Ted Geisel aka Dr Seuss; Private Snafu character created and aimed for GI audience
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George Pal
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stop motion animation; did "Tulips Shall Grow" in 1943
Puppetoons featuring a little black boy in stop motion animation; |
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"Russian Rhapsody"
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1944; Warner Bros; Bob Clampett; Gremlins! most of the characters were caracters of animators
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"Blitz Wolf"
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1942; Warner Bros; Tex Avery; funniest of Three Little Pig Spoofs
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"Birds Anonymous"
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1957; directed by Friz Freleng; great interaction between Tweety and Slyvestor (showed that post-WWII Warner Bros cartoons go better and more admired)
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Warner Bros had 3 animation depts with 3 different directors
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Friz Freleng
Chuck Jones Bob McKimson |
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"Showbiz Bugs"
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1957; directed by Freleng, rivalry between Bugs and Daffy;
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"Hare Trimmed"
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1953; directed by Freleng; uses same gags but makes Bugs more pro-active than Jones or McKimson
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"One Froggy Evening"
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1955; directed by Chuck Jones who was most eager to experiment and influenced by Disney; no dialogue
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"Duck A Muck"
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1953; blank background shows that Daffy still has character, feeling, emotion without outside stuff
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"Gee Whiz-z-z"
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1956; Roadrunner and Coyote created by Chuck Jones
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"Gorilla My Dreams"
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directed by McKimson; much less sophisicated and funny; Bugs is less clever and inventive rather he just outlasts his enemies
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MGM
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Acme Harmonies by Hugh Harmon and Rudolf Ising; Tom and Jerry series; closed animation studio in 1957 and reissued cartoons and made 90% profit
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"Bosko's Easter Eggs"
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1937; lavish watercolor background, but not a good cartoon; Bosko was re-done as a little black boy in the South (kinda racist)
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"Swing Wedding"
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1937; part of "Jazz Frogs" by Hugh Harmon; weiiiiird, extreme racial imagery; not a strong story
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Fred Quimby
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Hired by MGM as head of studio in 1937 but everyone hated him; William Hanna and Joseph Barbera took over when he retired
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"Peace on Earth"
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1939; directed by Hugh Harmon; used rotoscope and animation; first Oscar nomination for MGM; trying to do Disney with talking, rounded animals
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"The Milky Way"
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1940; directed by Rudolph Ising; first non-Disney short to win an Oscar; not as solid as Disney but still super cute
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"Dumb Hounded"
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1943; directed by Tex Avery; Droopy-unflappable character; very low key; Avery removes boundary of screen and known for extreme exaggerations;
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"Red Hot Riding"
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1949; by Tex Avery; VERY popular character short introduction of Red;
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"King Size Canary"
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1947; by Tex Avery
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"Bad Luck Blackie"
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1949; by Tex Avery, builds gags, Chuck Jones called it one of best films ever made
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"Three Little Pups"
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1953; Droopy and his brother
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Tom & Jerry
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MGM; won several Oscars, directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
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"Mouse Cleaning"
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1949; remake of "Puss Gets the Boot"; more lavish than Warner Bros; animation was lush with pretty backgrounds; Jerry sabotaged Tom
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Cinemascope
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introduced in 1954 and had huge screens; problem for animations because drawings on screens were so big flaws were obvious
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"Tom's Photofinish"
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1957; replaced Mamy Two Shoes with two suburbanites; much more stylized
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Block booking
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A studio will give theaters a "package" of movies until 1949; because of that animated shorts tied because nobody took just shorts
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"The Mechanical Monsters"
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1941; Fleischer studio, Superman! important because had camera angles, shadows, and created drama
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"Mr. Bug Goes to Town"
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Fleischer studios second feature; better but still sucked
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"A Haunting We Will Go"
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1949; Caspers Friendly Ghost; designed for kids and moved from general audiences;
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Puppetoons
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George Pal
"ollio Pol Jasper" 1947 "John Henry and the Inky Poo" |
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Terry Toons
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stayed bad from 1930s-1940s because improvement was never needed; Hekyl and Jekyl magpie birds and best characters "Movie Maddness"; sold assets to CBS
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"Scrub Me Mama With A Boogie Beat"
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1940s; part of "Swing Symphonies" done by Walter Lantz as distributed by Universal; horrible racial imagery
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"Barber of Seville"
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1944; redesigned Woody Woodpecker, better animation but still not likeable;
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"Legend of Rockabye Point"
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1953; featuring Chilly Willy; this cartoon was done by Tex Avery and made Universal cartoons funny
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