Fill In The Blank For Final Exam

Front 1

The human eye has about 6 million _____________ cells.

Back 1

cone

Front 2

The area of the eye responsible for the central and sharpest vision is known as the ____________

Back 2

fovea

Front 3

The main function of the _______________ is to support the eye.

Back 3

vitreous humor

Front 4

The development of cone cells allowed for organisms to acquire better information during the _____________ hours.

Back 4

sunlight or daylight

Front 5

Most nocturnal animals lack ______________ vision because there is no need for it at night.

Back 5

color

Front 6

Images that come from our eyes are nothing more than a set of ____________.

Back 6

dots

Front 7

To obtain a sharp image within the entire visual field our eyes constantly ____________ the entire image.

Back 7

scan

Front 8

The inner layer of the cortex is called ______________ because of its light colored appearance

Back 8

white matter

Front 9

The _____________cortex is where the sight information is processed.

Back 9

visual

Front 10

The brain is able to filter out visual information through a process called ___________________.

Back 10

subliminal perception

Front 11

People who suffer from blind sight have lost the ability to process ____________________

Back 11

incoming visual data

Front 12

_______________ can occur because there are separate pathways in the brain used for visual perception.

Back 12

Blind sight

Front 13

Visual neglect is a neurological disorder where patients have difficulty in visualizing objects in their visual fields because the ______________ lobe of the brain has been damaged.

Back 13

parietal

Front 14

______________ syndrome is a psychiatric disorder in which the affected person imagines that someone close to them has been replaced by an imposter.

Back 14

Capgras´

Front 15

Perceptions can be influenced by our _________________ state and ______________ condition.

Back 15

psychological; physical

Front 16

To recall a list of unrelated items some people use a _____________ to create an association between the meaningful and meaningless information.

Back 16

mnemonic device

Front 17

_________ memory is a type of declarative memory that uses sensation and emotion, which is usually a more effective than semantic memory.

Back 17

Episodic

Front 18

Short term memory lasts ______________ while long term memory can last ______________.

Back 18

minutes to days; months to years

Front 19

An increase in the firing rate and magnitude of cortical neurons is otherwise known as ____________

Back 19

LTP or long term potentiation

Front 20

Storage of long tem memory is based upon a distribution model where information about an object is stored in different regions of the _______________.

Back 20

cortex

Front 21

Veteran taxi cab drivers in London have an larger ________________ than drivers just starting out.

Back 21

hippocampus

Front 22

_________ memory, a type of declarative memory, is generally more important for academic success, whereas: __________ memory is strongly associated with creativity.

Back 22

Semantic; episodic

Front 23

The _________________ region of the brain is important for procedural memory and when neurons within this brain region die as a result of Parkinson’s disease.

Back 23

basal ganglia

Front 24

The _____________ is involved in visual/spatial memory and recent studies have demonstrated that this brain region can actually grow depending upon usage.

Back 24

hippocampus

Front 25

Elephants are well-known for their memory capabilities and can locate waterholes several hundred miles away with complete accuracy, which demonstrates their _______________memory.

Back 25

visual/spatial

Front 26

Dr. Egas Moniz in 1936 developed a procedure to treat severe mental illness, known as ______________, where he removed a significant portion of the frontal lobe .

Back 26

lobotomy

Front 27

Development of the ___________ lobe is the last step in human brain development, where the neural circuitry is not fully formed until adulthood.

Back 27

frontal

Front 28

The human brain is ____________ by nature, suggesting that it evolved by adding onto existing parts of animal brains over millions of years.

Back 28

modular

Front 29

Long-term memory is stored in the _______________.

Back 29

cerebral cortex

Front 30

After witnessing the inhuman treatment of the mentally ill, _____________, a school teacher, was instrumental in lobbying congress to construct federal and state mental hospitals.

Back 30

Dorothea Dix

Front 31

_______________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments.

Back 31

electoconvulsion

Front 32

In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification.

Back 32

insulin shock

Front 33

Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other.

Back 33

neurons

Front 34

______________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.

Back 34

manic depression

Front 35

________________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression.

Back 35

ECT or electroconvulsion therapy

Front 36

_______________ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse.

Back 36

SSRIs

Front 37

Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain.

Back 37

increasing

Front 38

Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder.

Back 38

genetic

Front 39

In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him.

Back 39

Alzheimer

Front 40

Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_____________.

Back 40

physical; psychological

Front 41

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.

Back 41

memory

Front 42

_____________ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50.

Back 42

Early onset

Front 43

The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.

Back 43

amyloid, protein fibrils

Front 44

Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines.

Back 44

pseudoephedrine

Front 45

Heroin is derived from _____________ and is a widely abused substance around the world.

Back 45

opium or poppy seeds

Front 46

Researchers realize that to cure and prevent substance abuse, they must first understand how the __________________ mechanism in the brain is responsible for the reinforcing properties of drugs.

Back 46

reward

Front 47

Electrical stimulation of the neurons in the _______________ will produce sensations of pleasure, which are similar to those sensations that are elicited by food or sex.

Back 47

nucleus accumbens

Front 48

The natural function of endorphins is to ________________________.

Back 48

reduce physical pain

Front 49

_____________ and endorphins bind to the same receptors in the brain.

Back 49

Morphine

Front 50

The most well known function of ______________, a neurotransmitter, is the production of pleasure, which is associated with hunger or sexual desire.

Back 50

dopamine

Front 51

The _____________ is the target brain area of both cocaine and amphetamines.

Back 51

VTA

Front 52

Cocaine and amphetamine both ______________ dopamine levels in the synaptic clefts.

Back 52

increase

Front 53

The neurological process of falling in love takes place primarily in the ________ system of the brain.

Back 53

limbic

Front 54

_____________ is the brain chemical involved with maintaining long term relationships or providing parental care.

Back 54

Oxytocin

Front 55

The brain slices of the monogamous prairie voles differ from that of their cousin species the montane voles in that the brains of the prairie voles have abundant levels of ____________

Back 55

oxytocin

Front 56

Dopamine is important in maintaining motor control and a reduction in dopamine production may result in____________.

Back 56

Parkinson’s disease

Front 57

Brain scans of children with ADHD show that there is a _____________ in activity in the neural pathways that are activated by dopamine.

Back 57

decrease

Front 58

Methlyphenidate, trade name Ritalin, increases dopamine activity by _____________ the dopamine transporters at the synaptic cleft.

Back 58

blocking

Front 59

Our aggression, feelings of insecurity, resentment and other personality traits are tied to ____________________ thoughts.

Back 59

subconscious

Front 60

Our mind is the result of the sum of the _____________ and ________________

Back 60

conscious, subconscious

Front 61

When a person becomes excited, dopamine and norepinephrine are released into the synaptic clefts, and ______________ is secreted into the same area to counter the actions of the 2 neurotransmitters.

Back 61

serotonin

Front 62

Prozac or fluoxetine works by blocking the _________________.

Back 62

serotonin reuptake transporters

Front 63

Patients who suffer clinical depression have a shortage of _____________ in their synaptic clefts.

Back 63

serotonin

Front 64

If you block the uptake of serotonin, the concentration of serotonin in the synapse will ____________.

Back 64

increase

Front 65

The illegal drug ___________ was made famous in the 1960’s and it causes hallucinations by mimicking the action of serotonin.

Back 65

LSD

Front 66

Psilocin, the chemical found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, will enter the _____________ of the brain and bind to serotonin receptors.

Back 66

thalamus

Front 67

The ________________ cortex contains a map of the entire body and after a person has undergone amputation of a limb, the region that represents that limb no longer receives any information.

Back 67

somatosensory

Front 68

In the case of David Garabedian, it was thought that the insecticide was responsible for his aggressive behavior. The insecticide blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase which leads to hyperactivation of the ______________ neurons.

Back 68

hypothalamus

Front 69

During an emotional event, the hypothalamus neurons will release _________________ which will in turn initiates the fight or flight response.

Back 69

acetylcholine

Front 70

Sandy, a troubled teen, attacked and stabbed a coworker. Her defense was that she contained too few _______________ receptors in the brain, thus she was unable to control her aggression.

Back 70

progesterone

Front 71

In the condition known as ________________, seizures of any type will repeatedly occur unprovoked.

Back 71

epilepsy

Front 72

_____________ lobe seizures can elicit religious or mystical experiences.

Back 72

Temporal

Front 73

Most scientists do not believe that the theory of _________ is wrong, because of the vast substantiating evidence that has been collected over the past 150 years.

Back 73

evolution

Front 74

Without a good understanding of ________, it is not possible to become an educated student in biology.

Back 74

evolution

Front 75

The mental capacity of __________ seem to be equivalent to that of a 5-year-old human child.

Back 75

orangutans

Front 76

Because Koko (a lowland gorilla) can use______________ to communicate her feelings, thoughts, and desires, we now have unequivocal evidence of the biological continuum between humans and the great apes.

Back 76

American Sign Language

Front 77

Evidence have established that approximately _________ years ago, the great apes split into two branches.

Back 77

14 million

Front 78

___________ are our closest relatives, and our ancestors have evolved separately to give rise to our present forms.

Back 78

Chimpanzees

Front 79

Chimpanzee and early human societies were male-dominated, which is also called a _______ society.

Back 79

patrilocal

Front 80

One of Jane Goodall’s first discoveries was that chimpanzees can fashion sticks to fish termites out from a termite nest. This observation shook the scientific world, because at that time, it was universally accepted that ______ use was a unique human trait.

Back 80

tool

Front 81

In a series of experiments involving the creation of a scale model of a life-sized room, it has been shown that chimpanzees can demonstrate ________ understanding.

Back 81

conceptual

Front 82

himpanzee and human societies use __________ to achieve a single objective, such as hunting for monkeys.

Back 82

cooperation

Front 83

It is estimated that at about 120,000 years ago, the entire population of Homo sapiens had decreased to less than 10,000 individuals which would have led to a decrease in genetic variation. This phenomenon is known as a genetic ________.

Back 83

bottleneck

Front 84

Research by Allan Wilson and his co-workers concluded that all human mitochondrial DNA can be traced back to one woman, the Mitochondrial Eve, who had lived in Africa about ________ to _________ years ago.

Back 84

120,000 to 150,000

Front 85

The mitochondria DNA in each individual comes only from the ________.

Back 85

mother

Front 86

When you compare the genomes of any two persons from any part of the world, their DNA sequences are _____% identical.

Back 86

99.9

Front 87

One hypothesis to account for the disappearance of Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis is known as the ___________ model, which states that modern humans contributed to the extinction of local species by out-competing them.

Back 87

Replacement or Out-of-Africa

Front 88

The ________ theory describes how the universe was formed about 13.7 billion years ago.

Back 88

Big Bang

Front 89

The amount of oxygen in our current atmosphere is a result of billions of years of photosynthesis by ___________.

Back 89

cynanobacteria

Front 90

Three basic characteristics of life include the abilities to use energy, ______, and _______.

Back 90

reproduce, evolve

Front 91

All matter in the universe, including the matter in your body, comes from the inside of ______.

Back 91

stars

Front 92

The fact that all living organisms, from simple bacteria to human beings, use the same ____________ , points to the commonality of life on Earth.

Back 92

genetic code

Front 93

One of the hypotheses for the Cambrian explosion was an increase in the Earth’s _______ concentration, which promoted the evolution or larger body forms.

Back 93

oxygen

Front 94

__________ _________ is the universal mechanism to insure individual uniqueness.

Back 94

Sexual reproduction

Front 95

Humans are nothing more than a collection of molecules composed of hydrogen, ____________, and ___________, yet we are one of the most complex creatures on Earth.

Back 95

oxygen, carbon: any order

Front 96

The protein, which acts like cellular “glue” to hold cells together, is called _________. This protein was first used by the group of animals known scientifically as ________ .

Back 96

collagen, Porifera

Front 97

To coordinate the motion of muscles, the cnidarians a simple network of _______ that allow the muscle fibers to communicate using a combination of electrical impulses and chemical signals.

Back 97

nerve cells

Front 98

In Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass, . Alice asked the ________ why they did not seem to be going anywhere during their race. This scene is a good analogy for the Evolutionary Arms race, in which neither participant can get anywhere, but must keep evolving in order to just keep up.

Back 98

Red Queen

Front 99

Scientists have shown that at some point in evolution, ___________ cells took up residence in eukaryotic cells to become the first organelles through a process know as ______________.

Back 99

prokaryotes; endosymbiosis

Front 100

Even though we are one of the most complex organisms on the planet, less than ____ percent of the human genome is used to encode functional proteins.

Back 100

2

Front 101

Scientists have found that there are a small group of genes known as the ______ genes which are responsible for directing the body pattern formation in all animals.

Back 101

homeobox

Front 102

A brain’s complexity results mainly from the types and numbers of _________ that each nerve cell has with other nerve cells.

Back 102

connections