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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define anatomy
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science of structure
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Define physiology
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science of body functions
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Name three key clinical observational techniques
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palpation
auscultation percussion |
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What are the 6 levels of anatomical organisation?
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chemical
cellular tissue organs systems oranism |
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What are the 6 key life processes?
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metabolism (sum of all chemical processes)
responsiveness (homeostasis) movement growth differentiation (cellular) reproduction |
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What is anatomical position
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standing upright
facing observer eyes facing forward arms at sides palms turned forwards |
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What is prone position?
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Lying face down
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What is supine position?
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Lying face up
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What is a plane?
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An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body
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What is a section?
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A section results when a plane is cut through the body
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Describe the saggital plane
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* divides the body into left and right sides
* midsaggital produces equal halves * parasaggital produces unequal halves |
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Describe the frontal (coronal) plane
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divides the body/organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
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Describe the transverse plane
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divides the body/organ into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
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Describe the oblique plane
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a plane at an oblique angle
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Define superior
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higher
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Define inferior
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lower
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Define dorsal (posterior)
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at the back
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Define ventral (anterior)
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at the front
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Define medial
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nearer to the midline of the body
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Define lateral
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farther from the midline of the body
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Define proximal
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nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
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Define distal
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farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
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What is a body cavity?
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space within the body that protects, separates and supports internal organs
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Define the dorsal cavity
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1) cranial cavity, holds the brain, formed by skull
2) vertebral canal, contains the spinal cord |
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Define the ventral body cavity
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1) thoracic cavity above diaphragm
2) abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm |
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Define serous
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2 layers with fluid in between
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Define mediastinum
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Everything in the thoracic cavity that is not the lungs
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Describe the saggital plane
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* divides the body into left and right sides
* midsaggital produces equal halves * parasaggital produces unequal halves |
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Describe the frontal (coronal) plane
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divides the body/organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
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Describe the transverse plane
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divides the body/organ into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
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Describe the oblique plane
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a plane at an oblique angle
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Define superior
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higher
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Define inferior
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lower
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Define dorsal (posterior)
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at the back
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Define ventral (anterior)
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at the front
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Define medial
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nearer to the midline of the body
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Define lateral
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farther from the midline of the body
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Describe the abdominopelvic regions
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See image
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What is the cell membrane?
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A flexible but sturdy, semipermeable barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell
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Describe the cell membrane
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Sea of phospholipids on which proteins float like icebergs
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What is a phospholipid?
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Hydrophilic head (phospho) + hydrophobic tail (lipid)
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What are membrane proteins used for?
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Ion channels (ie, Na+)
Transporters (like ion channels) Receptors Enzymes (catalysts) Linkers (within/outside cell) Identity markers (ie blood type, immune system) |
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What is the cytoplasm?
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Cytosol + organelles (except nucleus)
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Draw a cell and label:
1. cell membrane 2. nucleus 3. cytoplasm 4. smooth ER 5. rough ER 6. ribosome 7. mitochondrion 8. lysosome 9. golgi complex |
As per image
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What are organelles?
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Specialised structures within the cell with characteristic shapes and functions
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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made up of proteins:
* microfilaments * intermediate filaments * macrotubules Shape and motion |
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What is the centrosome?
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Organelle that plays a critical role in cell division
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What are cilia?
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short, hair-like projections
ie - respiratory tract, fallopian tubes... Move substances across the surface of the cell |
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What are flagella?
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Longer projections that can move an entire cell - ie, sperm
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What are ribosomes?
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* sites of protein synthesis
* located on rough ER, in cytoplasm and in mitochondria * spherical |
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
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* network of membranes surrounding nuclear membrant
* rough ER and smooth ER |
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What is the rough ER?
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Has ribosomes attached - site of protein synthesis
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What is the smooth ER?
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No ribosomes attached - site of synthesis of fatty acids and steroids
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What is the golgi complex?
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* Looks like a stack of pancakes with bits budding off on the ends
* modify, sort and package proteins for transport to different destinations |
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What are lysosomes?
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* Spherical
* membranous vesicles filled with digestive enzymes * digest foreign substances, autophagy & autolysis |
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What is the mitochondria?
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* powerhouse of the cell
* responsible for energy production * may have 100s or 1000s in each cell depending on energy requirements * transforms sugar and oxygen into energy * capsule shaped with an outer and an innner membrane |
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What is the nucleus?
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* The "director" of cellular activities
* most cells have single nucleus * contains cell's genetic material (DNA, made of chromasomes) |
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Describe the nucleus
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double membrane
outer membrane continuous with rough ER nucleoli produces ribosomes |
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What is the role of protein in the cell?
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structure
hormones antibodies enzymes |
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How does protein synthesis occur?
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1) Genetic info in DNA is copied by mRNA (TRANSCRIPTION) and mRNA leaves the nucleus
2) In the cytoplasm/rough ER, mRNA attaches to a ribosome and TRANSLATES the DNA to form proteins |
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What are cell junctions?
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contact points between cell membranes of tissue cells
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What are the 4 types of cell junctions?
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tight junctions
adherens junctions desmosomes & hemidesmosones gap junctions |
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What is a tight junction?
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weblike
prevents contents from leaking into surrounding areas stomach, intestines, bladder... |
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What are adherens junctions?
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holds epithelial cells together
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What are desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?
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similar to adherens junctions
hemi = half |
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What are gap junctions?
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Tiny space between plasma membranes of 2 cells
Permit electrical and chemical mesages to pass between cells |
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List the 4 types of tissue.
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Epithelial
connective muscular nervous |
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Where would you find epithelial tissue?
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covers body surfaces
forms glands lines hollow organs (lumens), cavities and ducts |
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Describe epithelial tissue.
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* Avascular
(gets nutrients from underlying connective tissue) * covering/lining & glandular types * good nerve supply * rapid cell division (heals well) * 1 layer if absorbtion happens * multiple layers if it is in a high traffic area |
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How are covering/lining epithelia described
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1) as simple (1 layer) or stratified (multiple layers)
AND 2) as squamous (flat) cuboidal (cube shaped) columnar (column shaped) transitional (can change shape) |
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What is glandular epithelium?
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* Makes up secreting portion of glands
* Endocrine glands secrete hormones (adrenal glands, thyroid glands...) * Exocrine glands may secrete mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, digestive enzymes... |
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What is connective tissue?
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* Binds, supports & strengthens other body tissues
* protects & insulates internal organs * compartmentalises structures * does not usually occur ON body surfaces * highly vascular * nerve supply * includes blood, bones, fat, cartilage * 2 basic elements - cells + extracellular matrix consists |
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What is the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
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Protein fibres & ground substances between widely spaced cells
ie: in blood, plasma = extracellular matrix. Consists of cells, water and albumin (protein). |
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Do cells in connective tissue touch?
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* rarely touch as they are produced and separated by extracellular matrix
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What are the types of connective tissue?
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1) loose - fluid like, subcutaneous layer, adipose tissue
2) dense connective tissue - thicker, denser, tendons & ligaments 3) cartilage 4) bone 5) blood 6) lymph |
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What are the two types of membranes?
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1) epithelial membrane = epithelial layer plus underlying connective tissue layer (ie, mucous membranes, skin...)
2) synovial membrane = lines joints, contains connective tissue but no epithelium |
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What does muscle tissue do?
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posture
movement generation of heat |
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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1) skeletal - voluntary, manu nucleated, striated appearance, cylindrical
2) cardiac - involuntary, only in heart, striated, one nucleus, step-like appearance 3) smooth - inside intestines, bladder etc. Involuntary, NOT striated, tapered ends, one nucleus. |
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What are the functions of nervous tissue?
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sensory
integration motor |
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What are the cell types in nervous tissue?
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1) neurons - cell body, tree like endings to receive messages
2) neuroglia - support cells for neurons |
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What is homeostasis?
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condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment
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Why is homeostasis important?
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Continually being disrupted by external (heat cold, lack of oxygen) and internal stimuli (psychological stresses, exercise)
If it's not maintained, death may result |
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How does homeostasis work?
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Feedback loop:
* receptors monitor controlled condition * control centre determines next action * effector produces a response that changes the controlled condition |
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Describe the two types of feedback system.
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1) negative feedback = opposing the action that is disrupting homeostasis
2) positive feedback = increases change that is causing disruption, ie childbirth |
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What are the 11 systems of the human body?
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1. integumentary
2. skeletal 3. muscular 4. nervous 5. endocrine 6. lymphatic 7. cardiovascular 8. respiratory 9. digestive 10. reproductive 11. urinary |
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What is a disorder?
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Abnormality of function
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What is a disease?
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homeostatic imbalance with distinct symptoms and signs
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Define diagnosis
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skill of distinguishing one disease from another
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Define epidemiology
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Study of disease on a population level
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Define pharmacology
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how drugs are used to treat disease
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How is the nervous system organised?
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* Central NS = brain and spinal chord
* peripheral NS = sensory and motor nerves, including: cranial nerves spinal nerves peripheral nerves sensory nerves enteric nervous system |
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What are the 3 basic functions of nervous tissue?
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1. sense changes (receptors)
2. interpret and remember changes 3. react to changes (effectors) |
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Show how the nervous system is organized by drawing an org chart
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See image
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What are the subdivisions of the PNS?
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1. Somatic (voluntary) NS (SNS)
2. Autonomic (involuntary) NS (ANS) 2a) sympathetic division (fight/flight) 2b) parasympathetic division (rest/digest) 3. Enteric NS |
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Name and label the parts of the brain
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See image
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Describe the brain
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* largest organ
* 4 main parts - brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrm, diencephalon * 2 hemispheres - R&L, separated by corpus collosum |
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What does the brain do?
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Receives sensory input
integrates new and stored info makes decisions causes motor activities |
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Describe the brain stem
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* major pathway from brain to lower body
* makes sure basic bodily functions happen, ie breathing * medulla oblongata (bottom) * pons (middle) * midbrain (top) |
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Describe the cerebellum
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*2nd in size to cerebrum
*contains nearly 1/2 neurons in brain * compares what we're doing with what we think we're doing * enables coordination |
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Describe the diencephalon
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* Between brainstem and cerebrum
* thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus * emotioal responses * control centre for ANS |
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Describe the cerebrum
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AKA cortex
*2 hemispheres (R&L) * L hemi for R side of body *4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occiputal) *seat of intelligence - higher functions, decision making, judgement, vision, copying, hearing... * grey matter overlying white matter * folds = gyrus (pl. gyri) * grooves = sulcus (sulci) if small, fissure if large * corpus callosum connects hemispheres |
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Describe cranial nerves
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12 pairs
pass through bones of skull PNS *voluntary & involuntary muscle control *glandular tissue |
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What is the spinal chord?
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Extension of the brain
within vertebral column for travel of sensory & motor info * protected by bony vertebrae, meninges (connective tissue) & CFS) |
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Describe the spinal nerves?
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31 pairs - mixed sensory & motor
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral |
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Describe the branching of spinal nerves
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* dorsal (sensory) & ventral (motor) roots next to spinal cord
* roots come together and then branch out again as rami * dorsal rami supply skin and muscles of back * ventral rami supply muscles and structures of limbs and skin |
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What is histology?
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Study of cells
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How many types of cells are there in the Nervous System?
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2 - neurons and neuroglia
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What are neurons?
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* specialised cells found in the CNS and nerves and ganglia of the PNS
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What do neurons do?
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process and transmit information
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Describe the structure of a neuron.
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* cell body = contains all the things you would find in "normal" cell
* dendrites = conduct impulses towards the cell body (receiving information). Typically short, highly branched, unmyelinated * axon = conduct impulses AWAY from cell; transmission lines of the NS * |
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Draw and lable an axon, including:
* cell & nucelus * dendrites * axon hillock * axon * Schwann cells & nuclei * node of Ranvier * synaptic end bulbs |
See image
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What are neuroglia?
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*non-neuronal cells
*provide support & nutrition * maintain homeostasis * participate in signal transmission * comprise half the volume of the CNS * can divide (neurons don't) |
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Name and describe 4 types of neuroglial cells in CNS
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1) astrocytes = star shaped, cover blood capillaries to for blood-brain barrier
2) oligodendrocytes (most common) = forms myelin sheath around axons in CNS 3) microglia = phagocytosis 4) ependymal cells = produce CSF, form epithelial membrane lining cerebral cavities & central canal |
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Name and describe two types of neuroglial cells in PNS
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1) satellite = flat cells surrounding neuronal cell bodies in peripheral ganglia
2) Schwann cell - wrap around PNS axons to produce myelin sheath |
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What is myelination?
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* Process of forming a myelin sheath
* myelin sheath = lipid & protein covering * gaps in myelination called nodes of Ranvier * creates insulation to speed up conduction of nerve impulses |
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What is white matter?
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myelinated processes
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What is grey matter?
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nerve cell bodies
dendrites axon terminals unmyelinated axons neuroglia In spinal cord, grey matter = H shaped inner core In brain, grey matter = thin outer shell covers surface of the brain |
