Fhd Poster Answers

Front 1

What does 'hyperplasia' mean?

Back 1

Increase in cell number

Front 2

What does 'hypertrophy' mean?

Back 2

Increase in cell size

Front 3

Do muscles grow by hypertrophy or hyperplasia?

Back 3

Hypertrophy - muscle cells do not divide

Front 4

What is the key feature of muscle cells that shows they have become terminally differentiated?

Back 4

They express the gene for myosin

Front 5

What is the function of 'satellite cells' in skeletal muscle?

Back 5

They can provide new nuclei to replace damaged nuclei - in this way skeletal muscle has limited capacity for regeneration

Front 6

What is a satellite cell? Where are they found?

Back 6

An undifferentiated precursor (and progenitor) cell.

Between basement membrane and sarcolemma (cell membrane)

In undamaged muscle, the majority of satellite cells are quiescent; they neither differentiate nor undergo cell division. In response to mechanical strain, satellite cells become activated. Activated satellite cells initially proliferate as skeletal myoblasts before undergoing myogenic differentiation.

Front 7

What is a precursor cell? What are the other names for it?

Back 7

Also called a blast cell or simply blast

Type of partially differentiated, usually unipotent cell that has lost most or all of the stem cell multipotency.

Usually precursor cells are cells capable of differentiating into one or two closely related final forms. Sometimes precursor cell is used as an alternative term for multipotent stem cells.

Front 8

Cardiac muscles do/do not have satellite cell

Back 8

Do not - cardiac muscle cannot regenerate after damage

Front 9

What are the four special features of muscle?

Back 9

Large number of mito for high ATP demand

Large amounts of contractile proteins actin and myosin

Large reserves of glycogen as a metabolic fuel (liver being only other with a reserve)

Contains myoglobin

Front 10

What physical properties do tendons show?

Back 10

Tensile strength - it does not stretch

Front 11

How is the hepatic portal vein different from most other veins?

Back 11

It has a venous capillary network at each end

Front 12

In the fasting state - where is glucose sourced from?

Back 12

Glycogen in the liver is hydrolysed

Front 13

Why does pancreatic cancer commonly cause jaundice?

Back 13

The bile duct passes the head of the pancreas, and will be compressed by the pancreatic tumour - partially blocking the duct

Front 14

What is cirrhosis? What replaces hepatocytes during this condition?

Back 14

A chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous thickening of tissue. It is typically a result of alcoholism or hepatitis

CT/collagen

Front 15

Why is total plasma protein low in alcoholic liver disease?

Back 15

Albumin and globulin (main plasma proteins) are synthesised in the liver

Front 16

Why are aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphate and y-glutamyltranspeptidase in plasma elevated in alcoholic liver disease?

Back 16

They leak out from damaged/dying hepatocytes

Front 17

What is coagulopathy?

Back 17

A defect in the body's mechanism for blood clotting, causing susceptibility to bleeding

Front 18

Why do patients with liver disease suffer from coagulopathy?

Back 18

Prothombin and other clotting factors are synthesised in the liver

Front 19

Why are women more susceptible to alcoholic liver damage than men?

Back 19

Liver is a smaller proportion of body weight in women than men.

Front 20

How does the liver recover if a patient stops drinking?

Back 20

Toxic or other damage to the liver stimulates hepatocytes to undergo mitosis - lost liver tissue rapidly regenerates

Front 21

What is responsible for causing bone marrow stem cells (haemotopoietic stem cells) to differentiate into different types of cell in the blood circulation?

Back 21

Hormones, cytokines (small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by the glial cells of the nervous system), colony stimulating factors, stimulating factors

Front 22

What is the significance of the B-cells differentiating into plasma cells?

Back 22

Specialisation for antibody secretion

Front 23

What is the main secreted product of a plasma cell?

Back 23

Antibodies

Front 24

What would be the consequence of the absence of B-cells in patients?

Back 24

Immunodeficiency - no antibodies - therefore recurrent bacterial and fungal infection

Front 25

What is agammaglobulinaemia?

Back 25

Lack of gamma globulin in the blood plasma, causing immune deficiency

Front 26

What is a neutrophil?

Back 26

During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, neutrophils are one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate toward the site of inflammation. They are the predominant cells in pus, accounting for its whitish/yellowish appearance.
Neutrophils are recruited to the site of injury within minutes following trauma and are the hallmark of acute inflammation.
It partakes in phagocytosis and has a multilobed nuclei

Front 27

How does a phagocyte detect the presence of a microbe?

Back 27

Attracted to infection site by chemotactic gradients of substances released by pathogen and host tissue.
Receptors on phagocyte recognise microbe structures (which can be hidden in a capsule, then they have to be coated in an antibody (called opsonisation))