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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Root Rots |
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English Name Armillaria SP. |
Armillaria Root Disease |
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Susceptible Species? |
Conifers, Douglas Fir, True Fir, Spruce |
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Symptoms? |
-Basal resinosis -Mycelial Fans Beneath Bark |
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Sporophore |
found at base little roll in spread |
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English Name Phellinus Weirii |
laminated root rot |
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Susceptible species |
Conifers, Fd, True firs, spruce, hemlock larch Cedar/hardwood resistant |
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symptoms |
-chlorosis, thin foliage, rounded crowns, pitted decay, distressed cone crop -Red-brown stain on heartwood |
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Sporophore |
-no roll in spread -pressed flat against root -fruiting body rare |
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English Name Inonotus Tomentosus |
Tomentosus root rot |
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susceptible species? |
Spruce, Lodgepole pine Hardwoods are resistant tolerant are Fd, Hw, Cw, Larch |
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Symptoms |
Pink to red/brown stain, white pocket rot |
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sporophore |
little roll in spread -2 to 11cm in diameter -cream underside |
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English Name Leptographium wageneri What is different about L. Wageneri? |
Black Stain Root Disease Does not cause root decay (root rot), Black Stain root disease is a Vascular Wilt |
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Susceptible Species |
-Fir and pines Hardwoods and larch are resistant |
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symptoms? |
-purple/black stain -rot begins at root and extends into bole |
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Sporophore? |
None. |
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Resupinate |
-Pressed flat against |
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4 signs of root rot on a stand from a distance |
-fallen/dead downed trees -distress cone crop -chlorosis -rounded crowns, sparse crowns, lack of foliage |
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Armillaria sp. differs on coast and interior, explain. |
-on the coast trees of 20+ years gain resistance -in the interior trees will never gain resistance |
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Determine root rots from the air/air photos? |
-Chlorosis -Snags/dead trees -openings in crown |
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What species spreads better using dead roots? |
Armillaria Sp. |
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Bark Beetles |
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English Name for Dendroctonus ponderosae |
Mountain Pine Beetle |
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Host Species |
Large, Live Lodgepole pines |
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Symptoms |
-Green, red, grey attack stages -loss of needles -pitch will be excreted -visible bore holes |
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Gallery Shape and years to complete life cycle? |
-J shaped and long -1 year |
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Role of fungus? |
Blue Stain Fungus stops translocations of nutrients |
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D. Rufipennis |
Spruce Bark Beetle |
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Host Species |
Windthrow/logged/downed Spruce |
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symptoms |
-turn grey 1 year after attack -dust around base of tree -woodpeckers get in there -yellowy/green then grey foliage |
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Gallery shape and years to complete life cycle |
Typically 2 years (Can be 1 though) |
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Role of Fungus |
Food for larvae |
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D. Pseudotsugae english name |
Douglas Fir Beetle |
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Host Species |
-Weak Standing or Dead/downed -Fdc and western larch |
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Symptoms |
-Bore dust -Woodpecker damage -Green, red, grey attack stage |
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Gallery Shape and years to complete life cycle? |
-short, line up bole with larval tunnels at right angles -1 year |
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Role of fungi |
Food for larvae |
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D. Valens English Name |
Red Turpentine Beetle |
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Host Species |
Weak Ponderosa or Lodgepole pine |
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symptoms |
-Largest beetle with largest pitch tube (2 inch diameter) -crown is weakened |
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Gallery shape and years to complete life cycle |
-Fan-like communal feeding gallery -2 years |
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Role of Fungi |
Food for the larvae |
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D. brevicomis english name |
Western Pine Beetle |
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host species |
Weakened ponderosa pine |
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symptoms |
-green, red, grey attack stage -Wood pecker damage -boring dust -pitch tubes |
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Gallery Shape and Years to complete life cycle? |
-No Pattern, wanders all over the place -1 year |
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Role of Fungi? |
Kills Tree |
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Dryocetes Confusus english Name |
Western Balsam Bark Beetle |
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Host Species |
sulbalpine fir (standing or windthrown) |
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Symptoms |
-Bore Dust -Trees retain needles but turn bright red |
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Gallery Shape and years to complete life cycle |
-X/Y gallery Shape -polygamous -1 to 2 years |
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Role of fungus |
Carries blue stain fungus |
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3 reasons beetles attack larger trees (improving their chance of survival) |
-More area to lay eggs -thicker bark for insolation and protection -better conditions for larvae (wont dry out as quick) |
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Why is mountain pine beetle such a problem in this province? (1 biological 1 cultural) |
-Warmer winters -fire surpression |
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What management option works for D. rufipennis and D. psudotsugae BUT NOT for D. Ponderosae and why? |
- Trap Logs -D. Ponderosae likes live trees so it is not an option |
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3 human induced conditions that encourage spruce beetle? |
-slash/logging -High stumps -straight edges of cutblocks |
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What is beetle proofing? |
Spacing and stand management Leaving only the largest most vigourous trees that could pitch out Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) |
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Describe steps for preparing a trap tree for D. rufipennis (Spruce Beetle) |
-Fell trees in shade -GPS/document trees whereabouts -put pheromones on them -remove trees after attack |
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2 types of survey used for bark beetle? |
Aerial and Ground |
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2 Types of Ground Surveys? |
-Walkthroughs (general Recce) -Beetle Probe |
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SEMIOCHEMICALS |
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What are semiochemicals? |
Chemicals emitted by organisms to communicate with other organisms |
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How many types of semiochemicals are there? |
3. Allomones Kairomones Pheromones |
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What is an Allomone? Give an example. |
An allomone is a chemical emitted by a species which benefits the species doing the emitting. An example is Repellents IE Skunk Spray |
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What is a Kairomone? Give an example. |
A Kairomone is a chemical emitted by an organism which benefits organisms receiving it such as predators of the emitter. An example is ponderosa pine emitting myrcene when attacked by western pine beetle thus attracting more beetles |
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What is a Pheromone? Give an example. |
A Pheromone is a chemical emitted by an organism that has an effect on an organism of the same species. Usually used for mating purposes. An example would be sex pheromone released by bugs to mate |
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Swiss Needle Cast (Phaeocryptopus gäumannii) |
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What is swiss needle cast |
foliage disease to douglas-fir caused by fungal pathogen |
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3 signs of SNC |
-Chlorosis (Yellow to Brown) -Premature needle Loss -Growth Loss (Diameter/height) |
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How do you ID the fruiting Bodies of SNC? (fruiting bodies also known as pseudothecia) |
-found on underside of needles occupying needle stomates -black in colour and always centered on stomates -very small, magnification required |
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Methods of control for SNC? |
-Issues in Doug Fir younger than 30 years generally. -Fungal control = Spraying of fungicides -Wide spacing (brushing and pruning) -Change microclimate (avoid moist dense stands I believe) |
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What was our Survey Method in the field for SNC? |
-Run Transect due south -using 2m width find douglas firs greater than 1.3m -Using provided tags, tag each tree at head height until out of tags (15 tags provided) Record: -tree number (tag number) -DBH =Layer 1 or Layer 2 or Layer 3 -Chlorosis (mild, moderate etc) -Needle retention on whorl 5 -Needle retention on whorl 6 -Swiss needle Cast Present -Comments |
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Mistletoe |
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Problems associated with Mistletoe |
-Loss of nutrients thus loss of growth -lower wood quality (large knots and lack of self pruning) -Bole infections |
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Hawksworth rating system |
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3 reasons mistletoe is easy to control? |
-infections above ground and easily spotted -seed dispersal can be predicted -require a living host |
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Ideal silvicultural systems for control of mistletoe? |
-Clear cut (removes mistletoe from stand) |
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Poor choice for Silv systems in regards to mistletoe? |
-Partial Cuts (Latent infections are activated by light, infected trees will drop mistletoe seed onto regeneration) -pre-commercial and commercial thinning also increase light thus can increase activity of mistletoe. |
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Control methods for mistletoe? |
-Plant alternate species (host species manipulation) -Fire -using roads/rights of ways to isolate infection -fungal hyperparasites |
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Wood Borers |
INSECTS AFFECTING WOOD |
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4 families of wood borers |
-Scolytidae – bark beetles and ambrosia beetles -Curculionidae – weevils and snout beetles -Buprestidae – flatheaded borers -Cerambycidae – longhorned / roundheaded borers |
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2 species of ambrosia beetle |
-Striped ambrosia beetle(Trypodendron lineatum) -Scratch-faced ambrosia beetle(Gnathotrichus sulcatus) |
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Gallery Difference Between Trypodendron (Striped) and Gnathotrichus (Scratch-Faced)? |
-Trypodendron=shallow 3cm deep -Gnathotrichus=deeper 8cm, sometimes into heartwood |
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Which ambrosia beetle has expensive taste? |
striped ambrosia beetle |
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What do ambrosia beetles cause in terms of galleries? |
Dark stained galleries |
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When is timber very at risk from ambrosia beetles? |
-Ambrosia beetles are a particular problem in log storage. -During harvesting timber is vulnerable to attack and degrade |
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Ways to protect logs from ambrosia beetle? |
• Kiln-drying • Insecticides/fumigants • Watering/sprinklers |
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Trap Logs |
trap logs can be oflower grade but must be ofthe appropriate vintage andof sufficient quality to beattractive to the beetle. Thetrap logs are then processedthrough a chipper after theyhave absorbed beetles butbefore the beetles have hadtime to reproduce |
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Disadvantages of trap logs? |
-Difficult to handle -if forgotten can add to the beetle problem -lose attractiveness as they become infested -difficult to estimate number of beetles caught |
