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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Feudalism?
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The way society was organised in medieval England and later Scotland.
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What is the Military Theory? |
• Feudalism emerged because of the threat posed upon Europe by the Vikings • Historians Bloch and Barraclough argue that it, at the time was a new warrior class • Historian Brown goes further. He says knights military services and castles are a key feature |
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What is the Non-Military View?
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• Feudalism isn't just military • Peasants were the corner stone of the feudalism system • However, they aren't military important • Therefore, feudalism isn't just military and fighting |
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What is the No Feudalism View?
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• Reynolds argues Feudalism doesn't exist • Each country has a different type of relationship between kings and peasants • There were common elements to European society • A dominant warrior aristocracy • An agrarian economy • An importance of hierarchy • A peasants underclass |
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What were the pros of a King? |
The King controlled everything He was in charge of the army He was the law He didn’t have to work He got taxes |
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What were the cons of a King? |
He couldn't survive without the loyalty of his barons If he lost support he could loose his throne and life Had no direct contact with lesser people so couldn't count on their loyalty |
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What were the pros of Barons and Knights
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Got free land from the king They control law and justice on their land They can grant land to others The land gives them wealth |
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What were the cons Barons and Kings? |
The barons had to do military duties They had to attend King's court The Barons depended on knights for support |
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What were the pros of The Church |
Receives huge grants of land and becomes wealthy The church doesn't pay tax |
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What were the cons The church
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The church had to perform military services The church had to pay for aids |
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What were the pros of The Peasants
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Peasants got protection from lords Lords let peasants use the woods, pastures and peat fields on their lands |
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What were the cons The peasants
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The peasants labour was exploited by everyone above them |
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How did Chivalry develop
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Knights became very important. They were given farmers to feed them and training time. Eleanor of Aquitaine came back from the Middle East and encouraged young knights to follow the ways of chivalry. Chivalry became very well linked to Crusades and God, Tournaments and Love. (writing poems and songs for ladies)
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What was the Regular Church?
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A place where Monks and Nuns lived in monasteries and covents. They lead an isolated existence and they lived by the "rule"
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What was the Secular Church? |
Popes, Archbishops, bishops, priests and people were responsible for the religious welbeing of the laymen and laywomen.
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What was the religious importance of the secular church?
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It offered salvation to the people, it provided church services and explanations to things that nobody knew the answers to. The gave the people relics which gave the people hope of the religion. Pilgrimages, excommunications and interdicts.
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What was the social significance of the secular church
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They helped the sick and old, Bishops were highly educated so they could teach and the Holy days were provided (holidays)
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What was the economic significance of the secular church?
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The church was a major landholder. They received tithes (a 1/10 of the peasants crops) and gifts of land, money and treasures from faithful people
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What was the political significance of the secular church?
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Courts, Canon Law (the law of the church) and the king used leading bishops to lead the country
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What is the regular church's religious significance?
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Monks prayed for the souls of the dead, people gave gifts to the monasteries in exchange for prayers and many abbeys housed relics
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What is the regular church's social significance?
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It provided a job for a lot of sons and daughter from the better off classes. It gave hospitality and shelter for travellers and gave the poor food and shelter. They ran hospitals for the sick and provided education and scholarships.
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What is the economic significance of the regular church?
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Abbeys cultivated large estates, they colonised wastelands. They pioneered water powered machines Played a role in wool trade They were a leading iron producer in France Monasteries were given gifts frequently |
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What is the political significance of the regular church
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Literate monks served in the King's Government The king used monasteries to help extend their control in troublesome areas |
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Describe the structure of society during David I's reign
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- There were mormaers which were local officers who were in charge of provinces and had a lot of independence. Kindreds - People who made up contingents in the provincial army Shires - Several townships paying food renders or cain to the lord's residence Mairs - People responsible for arresting and executing thieves and murderers |
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What was the overall conclusion of Celtic Scotland?
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- Government was weak - No central administration - No written orders - No administrative hierarchy - The King depended on the mormaers for his army - The crown passed among family members but with no real, clear succession |
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What happened to Prince David?
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He was born around 1080-85. He went to English court when his sister married Henry I in 1100 and this later effected Davids reign. He learnt Norman ways and admired them and their introduction to Scotland would be an advantage. |
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What were the four pleas of the church?
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- Crimes of rape, murder, arson and robbery were seen to be so serious they were always referred to the King's court |
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What changes did David make to the Church?
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Most of David's changes were by his mother. - Celtic bishoprics were formed around cathedrals not monasteries. - Cathedrals were organised by the cannons (priests and bishops that lived in the local community) rather than monks - New priests and bishops were Anglo Norman - David created/ reorganised the following diocese (land owned by bishops); Glasgow, St Andrews, Dunkled, Dunblane, Brechin, Aberdeen, Moray, Ross and Caithness |
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How did David have enough time and money to reorganise the church?
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- He ordered everyone to pay a tithe to the church (unheard of in Scotland) - The money was given to the local priests - Local priests then owed their living to David ands they began to grow and prosper - Nobles began to build parish churches to attract churchmen to live on their land. |
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What did David introduce/ found in Scotland? |
- David was keen to move from old Celtic monasteries and he introduced some new types of Monk from Europe - He founded a huge Abbey at Selkirk for the Tirnonensians though in 1128 they moved to Kelso - He gave the Benedictines an Abbey in Dunfermline in 1128 |
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What did Henry I make his barons do before he died?
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Make them accept his daughter, Matilda as queen
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What was the marriage past of Matilda?
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She had married The Emperor of Germany but he died so she was forced to marry Geoffrey of Anjou, whom she hated. She saw him as a downgrade from the emperor of Germany.
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Matilda was very spoilt, so Henry I's nephew (Stephen) and the barons did what after his death? |
Seized the throne
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Some barons were loyal to Matilda when Henry I's nephew (Stephen) seized the throne, which lead to?
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Civil war
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What was the outcome of the civil war between Matilda and Stephen?
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Stephen would be king, but once he died one of Matilda's sons would be king (HENRY II) |
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When did Henry II become king?
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1154
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What land did Henry II inherit?
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Dutchy of Normandy from his mum and counties Anjou, Maine and Touraine from his dad. When he married in 1152, he became to Duke of Aquitaine.
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What was the problems for Henry II?
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1. His land was so big, it took weeks to get any news across the land. 2. His empire was hard to rule because they all had different traditions and languages and customs. 3. Henry controlled more land in France than the King of France 4. The barons in his land were becoming more powerful and ignoring the king's government 5. The barons built illegal castles and captured land that was not entitled to them 6. The justice system was broken 7. The church were protecting corrupt priests |
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How did Henry tackle is problems?
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1. Reclaimed royal land 2. Demolished illegal castles 3. Ordered foreign mercenaries to leave the country |
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What did Henry do after he fixed the barons?
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1. He investigated all sheriffs which lead to barons not being able to be sheriffs in their own area and sheriffs were now local agents of the king. |
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What did the Assize of Novel Disseisin do?
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1. Royal courts would settle land disputes NOT baron's courts 2. A writ would be issued 3. The local sheriff had to investigate before a jury of 12 local knights 4. The jury had to swear under oath who owned the land and had to in the presence of a justice in eyre 5. Whoever the judge said who had the land got the land. |
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Overall what did Henry II do?
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1. Increased royal power 2. Replaced the power of the barons 3. Increased King's wealth 3. Brought lawlessness under control 4. Created a clear legal system |
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What was Richard's reign like?
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He had ignored England for most of his reign and only cared about money. The 3rd Crusade bankrupted England and his ransom cost £100,000. Richard loved war but it was very expensive.
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What did the chroniclers say about John?
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- John was accused of murdering Archdeacon Talbot in 1209 - Talbot actually became Bishop of Elly in 1225 - So the chronicles were biased |
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Why were the Chroniclers biased?
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- Everyone was writing for someone and nobody wanted to upset the King - New Kings wanted to sound better than their preceedors - John was forcefully removed as King and some chroniclers wanted to justify their actions by showing how horrible John was. - Historians also just copied the chroniclers work without fact-checking |
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However, John was somewhat bad, how?
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- He had a horrible temper - He had a split personality - He was paranoid and suspected everyone for plotting against him |
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Was King John a good or bad king?
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Well 1. He broke up the Angevin Empire 2. He argued and was excommunicated by the Pope 3. He created the Magna Carta |
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Describe the war with France in 1202
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- John had rights to get the land of Richard but they were challenged - Barons preferred Arthur - Philip of France supported Arthur and invaded (then John-controlled) Normandy - By 1204, most of the Angevin Empire was Philip's - John had a success at Mirebeau - William des Roches and John were buddies - John thought William was plotting against him - William then defected to Philip's land |
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Describe John's success at MireBeau
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His mother was a prisoner there and after a surprise move by John, he allowed the King of England free his mother and capture his nephew Arthur. However, John became overconfident
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What happened to Arthur?
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Nobody knows - Arthur disappeared after John captured him. This made John's reputation with France get bad. Some believe John killed Arthur in a drunken rage.
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What is William's story of what happened to Arthur? |
He claims that at Mirebeau, Arthur refused to recognise his uncle as rightful King of England. John imprisoned Arthur at Rouen, then in April 2013 John killed him in a drunked rage. Arthur's body was then sank to the bottom of the river Seine.
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What was John's long term plan? |
He rebuild his army and navy then developed an alliance with Emperor Otto IV of Germany and the Count of Flanders. He planned to attack Philip on 3 fronts. The plan was very expensive and the barons complained about John's was of getting the money. John was ready.
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What was John's plan of attack?
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The count of Flanders would invade Normandy from the North. Otto would invade from the East and John would invade north from Poitou. It all went very wrong though. Otto attacked, at the wrong time from the wrong direction and he was defeated in Flanders by Philip. John's coalition fell apart.
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What were the results of the loss of Normandy?
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- John lost a great deal of wealth- The barons thought of themselves as more English- The barons became angry and blamed John for the loss of their homeland- Normandy was one of the reasons of the barons rebellion and forced John to sign the Magna Carta
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What economic effects did towns have on Medieval Society?
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1. Town charters led to the formation of guilds. Guilds helped regulate the cost and quality of goods, and provided help and support in times of trouble 2. Towns with charters attracted people to go live there, including foreigners, with new skills, i.e. Cloth makers from Flanders 3. Towns helped the king to collect: Taxes, Burghs which traded with foreign countries could collect customs for the king 4. Town markets were originally side as an outlet for agriculture products but manufactured goods quickly became more important, within the towns 5. Agriculture always remained the most important industry in the middle ages |
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What were the political effects of towns on Medieval Society? |
1. Towns and burghs became a symbol of royal power just like castles 2. Sheriffs were usually based in towns; he was responsible for enforcing the king’s law and could collect taxes from local landowners. Thus nobles were used to having powerful Royal officials on their doorstep 3. Kings granted burgh status to towns in areas where they had little or no real control. This helped increase their power. I.e. David I created the royal burghs of Elgin and Forres after the uprising in 1130 |
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What were the social effects of towns on Medieval Society? |
1. The growths of towns had a significant impact on the feudal system 2. Town’s folk are treated differently from Barons – they did not perform military duties or pay scutage. 3. Burgh courts tended to be simpler 4. Serfs could be free if they fled to a burgh for a year and a day 5. Different historians have differing views about this 6. Professor Duncan has argued that this was the reason for towns wanting to become burghs 7. Barrow agrees with Duncan saying that simple courts were a real help to merchants However, historians Macqueen and Windram argue that burghs developed alongside feudalism and that the two were not apart at all. |
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What were the domestic problems that John faced? |
1. Political due to the loss of Normandy and Johns charter 2. Economic - due to a period of inflation and problems over gathering taxes from the barons 3. Religious - Due to the choice of a new Archbishop of Canterbury |
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What is the development of the economic issue of inflation |
• The beginning of the 13th Century saw asharp rise in inflation • This meant that prices rose considerable• The cost of warfare had risen dramatically• This meant that John’s government was less well offthan either his fathers’ or Richards’a |
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What was the crisis of 1213? |
Johns barons rebelled against him because John had been suffocating the Baron's power and with the invasion from France , John had an issue. he had a plan however, He apologized to the Pope and gave him England. This meant that the French were now about to invade their own, french land. He also let the Pope choose the Archbishop of Canterbury, took the crusaders vow and asked the Pope to excommunicate his enemies. |
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What happened after John apologised? |
The barons had had enough and a group withdrew their oath of fealty to John in 1214, and by spring 1215, the barons were marching on London. John had no option apart from to meet the barons |
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What happened at Runnymede? |
John met with the barons on 15th June 1215. They demanded that the king listened to their grievance, they wanted to end a constant taxation and an end to the arrests and imprisonments without trials. A charter was issued at Runnymede called the Magna Carta. |
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What did the Magna Carta deal with? |
1. Legal and Feudal Rights 2. The barons worried over loss of feudal rights It didnt deal with serfs |
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What was the significance of the Magna carta? |
It was used later to justify different arguments and it was a check on royal power. |
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How Successful was King John in his attempts to increase royal authority? |
1. Royal finances 2. Impact of the loss of Normandy 3. Administration of Government 4. Military Power 5. Law and Justice 6. Relations with the Church 7. Relations with the nobility 8. John's personality |
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Why did towns grow? |
Growth of population, between 1100 – 1300 the population of Europe doubled Demand for manufactured goods meant areas tended to specialise in different industries. These industries needed to have a large workforce, and they needed some where to live The growth of trade meant that town markets now became far more important. Towns developed and grew in order to make trade between countries easier As with trade the growth of Banking helped stimulate the need for towns The development of Boroughs, special towns with rights to trade with foreign merchants, and be free from the local Barons, encouraged people to move to towns. · Kings realised that towns were easy to tax (allthe people in one place) Freedom – Towns folk were free from the interferenceof local barons and could rule themselves |
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Explain the Market Demand Theory in reference to why towns grew in Scotland |
Developed by professor Barrow He argues that towns grew up around castles and cathedrals. Those that lived and worked in the castle need local services They needed food, blacksmiths, carpenters, cobblers, tailors etc. |
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Explain the Protection Theory in reference to why towns grew in Scotland |
Developed by Professor Duncan Towns grew up around castles This was because merchants who traded required some protection for their business There is always safety in numbers so people started to live together Town walls could also provide some measure of protection |
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Explain the Freedom from Feudalism Theory in reference to why towns grew in Scotland |
Also Developed by Duncan Towns and Burghs were not under the control of any baron, so the merchants could trade more freely People living in towns did not have to do aids, relief or wardships Serfs could become free if they hid in a town for a year and a day |
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How was the Black Death a factor to the decline of feudalism? |
• 1348 – the plague arrived in England.• It was caused by fleas carried by rats and spread veryquickly. • At this time there was no knowledge or understanding ofwhat caused the plague and how to prevent it spreading. • It killed 1.5 million people out of an estimated totalof 4 million people between 1348 and 1350 in England. • Another consequence was inflation – the price of foodincreased. • There were now less peasants to work the land. |
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How did the peasants revolt contribute to the decline of feudalism? |
• Took place in May 1381 .• Peasants had an advantage in that as they had smallernumbers, they were not as available for hire .• They were protesting against the Statute of Labourersas well as the Poll tax.• It failed … but it showed that the upper classes couldno longer ignore the plight of the peasants. |
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How did Military developments effect the decline of feudalism? |
• Being a soldier became a paid profession – rich noblesbegan to pay soldiers rather than fight themselves. • As a result there were less oaths of homage as onlycertain people were carrying out military duties instead of most people. • Military technology advanced during this time, e.g.longbows and cannons |
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How did State vs Church effect the decline of feudalism? |
• The power of the State increased significantly duringthe Medieval period – as the Kings and barons became stronger they arguablybecame less dependent on the loyalty of those below them in the feudal chain. • If there was tension between the Church and State thenfeudalism would also decline as their relationship and them working togetherwas crucial for stability and harmony in society.st 4p2 |
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What other factors effected the decline of feudalism? |
• Land became rented rather than the worker giving an oath and part of their money/produce to their feudal overlord. • Travel and trade also played a part in the decline of feudalism, e.g. during the Crusades people travelled great distances and trade expanded as new options for trading became available. |
