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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Very important for Fetal Viabilility |
Pulmonary Development |
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Major reason why fetuses before 24 weeks of Gestation are considered non-viable |
Pulmonary Immaturity |
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The lungs at Birth are 1/2 filled with Amniotic Fluid, which is cleared after birth by 3 ways |
1. Through Mouth & Nose 2. Into Pulmonary Capillaries 3. Into Lymphatics & Pulmonary Vessels |
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Normal shape of the Thoracic Cavity |
Symmetrically Bell Shaped |
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Boundaries of Thoracic Cavity |
a. Ribs form lateral margin b. Clavicles form upper margin c. Diaphragm forms lower margin |
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Fetal thorax is examined in both _____________ & _______________. |
Sagittal & Transverse |
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The thorax is ______________ than the abdominal caivity. |
Smaller |
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Chest circumference measurements are made in the transverse plane at the level of : |
4 Chamber Heart View |
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Formula for predicting Pulmonary Hypoplasia |
CA-HA / CA x 100
(CA-Chest Area, HA-Heart Area) |
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US appearance of Fetal Thorax |
-Thorax is smaller than the Abdominal Cavity -Examined in both Trv & Sag at the level of the 4 Chamber Heart View
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Fetal Lungs |
-Paired -Homogenous -Midlevel Echoes -Increases in Echogenicity with Fetal Age |
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US cannot be used to __________________ |
Asses lung maturity. |
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_______________ in the 3rd Trimester helps to asses the lung maturity in the fetus. |
Amniocentesis |
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Fetal breathing becomes more prominent in the _______________________ |
2nd and 3rd Trimester |
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Fetal breathing movements are considered absent if no fetal activity is noted during the ____ min. observation period |
20 minute |
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May be used to detect fetal breathing through the nostrils |
Color Doppler |
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Pulmonary Hypoplasia |
Occurs with a reduction in overall thoracic size due to oligohydramnios |
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Severity of Pulmonary Hypoplasia depends on _____________________. |
When oligohydramnios occured during pregnancy, its severity, and duration. |
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Reasons for Reduction of Amniotic Fluid |
a. Kidney Abnormalities b. Severe IUGR c. Early rupture of membranes d. Large cysts and tumors of the Lungs & Thorax e. Chromosomal Abnormalities f. Decreased # of Lung Cells or avioli |
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Prognosis of Pulmonary Hypoplasia |
Very poor, 80% die after birth |
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US of Pulmonary Hypoplasia |
Checked by measuring Thoracic circumference at the level of the Heart |
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Bronchogenic Cyst |
Most common lung cyst |
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US of Bronchogenic Cyst |
-Small circumscribed masses without evidence of a Mediastinal Shift or Heart Failure -Amniotic Fluid volume within normal range |
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Pleura Effusion |
also known as Hydrothorax |
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Plueral Effusion |
Accumulation of fluid within the plueral cavity -can be unilateral or bilateral |
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Etiology of Plueral Effusion |
a. Immune or Non-Immune Hydrops b. Congestive Heart Failure c. Chromosomal Abnormalities d. Diaphragmatic Hernia |
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US of Pleural Effusion |
-Anechoic peripheral masses on one or both of fetal heart and lungs -Appears to be floating in the fluid -Compression of lungs -Shift mediastinal structurs, compression of heart, inversion of the diaphragm |
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Prognosis of Plueral Effusion |
Mortality rate for the infant with pleural effusion is 50%; poorer when associated with hydrops
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Pulmonary Sequestration |
An extra lobe of the lung that is separated from the normal tracheal bronchial tree |
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Types of Pulmonary Sequestration |
a. Intra-Lobar b. Extra-Lobar |
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Intra-Lobar Pulmonary Sequestration |
Extra pulmonary tissue is present within the plueral sac
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Extra-Lobar Pulmonary Sequestration |
Extra pulmonary tissue is present as is connected to the inferior boreder of the lung within its own plueral sac -This extra lung is non-functional and receives its blood supply from systemic circulation *occurs mostly on the LEFT side |
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US appearance of Pulmonary Sequestration |
a. echogenic solid mass resembling the lung tissue b. Hypo-plastic lung may be present of the effected side |
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Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation |
-Multi-Cystic mass within a lung -Lesion may involve one or more lobes of the lung, or the entire lung and it communicates with the bronchial tree |
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US appearance of a Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation |
Cyst within the mass may be large of small and can vary in texture and are cystic in appearance |
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Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia |
Herniation of abdominal organs into the chest that results from a congenital defect in the fetal diaphragm |
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Locations of Herniation |
a. Foramen of Brochdalek b. Foramen of Morgagni |
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Herniation through Foramen of Brochdalek |
*Most common type of diaphragmatic defect *Most common on the LEFT side -Occurs in the posterior and lateral part of the diaphragm -Left sided organs such as stomach, spleen, and portion of the liver enter the chest through the opening. |
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Herniation through the Foramen of Morgagni |
Diaphragmatic hernia located in the anterior and medial part of the diaphragm and is LESS COMMON -Heart may be normally positioned but surrounded by pleural fluid while the fetal stomach may be located in its normal position -if this occurs on the RIGHT side, the liver will enter the chest cavity and compress the lungs and the lungs may become hypoplastic
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Omphalocele |
When the bowel fails to return to the abdomen after the 12th week. -Herniation covered by a membrane so the AFP levels are withing normal limits |
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Types of Omphalocele |
a. contains liver within the sac b. contains bowel and no liver |
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Fetus with an omphalocele that contains only a bowel have high risk for ____________________. |
Chromosomal Abnormalities |
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US appearance of Omphalocele |
-Central abdominal wall defect with a bowel or a combination of liver and bowel into the base of the umbilical cord -A membrane covers the herniated organs -Ascites may be present |
