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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Length of full term pregnancy
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38 weeks since conception
40 weeks since last normal menstral period (LNMP) |
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How to estimate fetal age?
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crown to lump length
biparitetal diameter head circumference foot length: correlated well wit CRL |
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during first 3 months
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all major systems have developed
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by the end of 6 months
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24 weeks - earlies it can be born
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by the end of 9 months
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just maturing, adding on fat
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9-12 weeks
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primary ossfication centers appear on cranium and long bones
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13-16 weeks
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ossifcation progressions - by 16 weeks can see bones on ultrasound
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17-20 weeks
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quickening can be felt - fetal movement
skin covered with greasy protective vrnix caseosa |
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21-25
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surfacatnt secretion begins in alveoli
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26-29 weeks
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can survive in ICU becaise have surfactant -> aloows for lung expansion
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major determinent of fetal growth
(4) |
glucose availability
amino acids insulin, growth hormone adequate umbilical supply and proper function of chorion and placenta |
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what does alcohol consumption gice?and smoking
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intrauterine growth retardation -> small infants with low birth weights
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used to assess fetal status (4)
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diagnostic amnicentesis
CVS ultrasonography fetal moitoring -during labor tels you if baby is in distress |
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critical period of developemt
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first 3 months - major ssytema re completing their develpoemtn and most sensitiive to teratogens
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How often do you see anomoloes?
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3% of all live births-> have some obvious major structual anomoly
major anomilies more common in early embroys - 15% and sevre ones -> spont abortion |
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known teratogens
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alcohol, social drugs, viruses (rubela, german measels), thalidomide, some commonoly use medications like antibiotis, anti-convulsants
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Mechanisms of Epigenetic Inheritance 4
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DNA methylation
HIstone modiications Genomic imprting (parent-or-orgin silencing) regulaotry non-coding RNAs (siRNA, miRNA) |
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what does miRNA do?
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forms a RNA induces silencing complex RISC -> binds to mRNA being ranslated - if full match -> degrade if not then stop transltion
this is a type of translational regulation |
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Hyperpolarization refers to the movement of the membrane potential
A. To voltages more negative than the resting potential. B. To very positive values C. To more negative values D. To zero E. Back to its previous level. |
C
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The undershoot of the action potential is caused by
A. Inactivation of sodium channels B. Opening of potassium channels C. An increase in conductance of the leak channel D. Opening of sodium channels E. Activation of the Na/K ATPase. |
B
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Inactivation during the action potential serves to
A. Reduce the amount of Na conductance needed to reach the peak of the action potential. B. Keep the action potential from "doubling back on itself" (i.e. from traveling back and forth along the axon). C. Reduce the amount of Na and K exchange across the membrane during the action potential. D. A and C E. B and C |
E
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During the action potential, the Na/K ATPase
A. Is responsible for the undershoot (i.e. after-hyperpolarization) of the voltage. B. Is responsible for returning the voltage back to the resting potential following the undershoot. C. Determines the threshold for the action potential D. Plays no role. |
D
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The disconnect between knowing what is good and doing what is good is called
A. Dissonance B. Confounding C. Turpitude D. Akrasia E. Teleos |
D
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Positive current refers to the movement of
A. positive or negative ions out of the cell B. positive or negative ions into the cell C. positive ions out of the cell or negative ions into the cell D. positive ions into the cell or negative ions out of the cell |
C
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What should be the relationship between drug dosage via an oral vs. a parenteral route?
A. The dosage should be much higher via the oral route than via the parenteral route. B. The dosage should be approximately the same via oral and parenteral routes. C. The dosage should be much lower via the oral route than via the parenteral route. |
A
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For a weak acid, ion trapping in the glomerulus
A. increases with decreasing pH B. increases with increasing pH C. is independent of pH |
B
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When auscultating the liver of a fellow medical student, you hear friction rubs. Friction rubs are
A. Grating sounds that are steady in their amplitude over time B. Commonly heard in healthy individuals C. Heard most commonly on an "empty stomach" D. Indicative of peritoneal inflammation of the liver E. Indicative of cirrhosis of the liver |
D
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The diagram above shows the interactions of the different components involved in the pathway between activation of a T lymphocyte and the stimulation of genes coding for cytokines. The role of the ER membrane protein STIM is not shown in this figure. The role of STIM is to stimulate
A. Opening of the CRAC channel following Ca2+ depletion of the ER B. Phosphorylation of NFAT following the influx of Ca2+ C. IP3-mediated efflux of Ca2+ from the ER following signalling from immunoreceptors D. Release of Ca2+ from the ER through the STIM channel E. Translocation of ORAI1 to the membrane following Ca2+ depletion of the ER |
A
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Following depletion of calcium from the calcium stores in lymphocytes, CRAC channels in the membrane open to allow these stores to be replenished. At the same time, two types of potassium in the membrane open. The role of these potassium channels is
A. Hyperpolarize the membrane in order to prevent simultaneous activation of voltage-gated Na channels. B. Maintain the steady-state K+ concentration balance inside and outside the cell. C. Provide a counterion to balance the influx of positive charge D. All of the above. |
C
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A Black Box warning is attached to a drug
A. Upon failing Phase I drug trials B. Upon failing Phase II drug trials C. Upon failing Phase III drug trials D. After demonstrating major adverse reactions in the general public |
D
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