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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ultrasonography is used to identify?
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multiple fetusus
pol-oligo- hydraminos fetal abnormalities fetal poisition heart conditions |
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Aminocentsis is know as the "gold standard", however what type of complications can it cause
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trauma, infection, hemmorhage, accidental puncturing of the fetus umbiklical cord and placenta, can lead to interuterine hemorrhage and death
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what is an aminocentsis obtaining, how and with the use of what?
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obtaining a sample of amnitoic fluid inch
- gauge needle - ultrasound reguires to locate fetus |
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An aminocentesis is used to determine what
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L/S ratio
prescence of PG Presence of aplhs -fetoprotein levels bilirubin creatin levels prescence of meconium staining cytologic examination |
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what is normal FHR
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120-160 BPM
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what are 3 methods of monitoring FHR
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1.) doppler sensor on abdomne
2.) Electrodes on abdomen 3.) Electrodes in fetal scalp |
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what type of deceleration is caused by the fetal head being squeezed through the cervix reulting in a parsympatheic response***Not Dangerous**
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Type 1 early
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what type of decelerations are caused by uteroplacental insufficiency which leads to asphyxia. delayed follow uterine contractions by 10-30 sec **Can be dangerous**
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Type 2 (late)
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what type of decelerations is caused by compression of the umbilical cord **May or may not be Dangerous**
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Type 3 (variable)
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The fetal pH is used a a secondary tool following FHR what are the normal values, value for slight asphyxia, and severe asphyxia
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>7.25 = normal
7.20 -7.24 = slight asphyxia <7.20 signifies severe asphyxia |
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what are the 2 methods of monitoring uterine contractions?
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1. Tocodynamometer
2. Intrauterine pressure catheter |
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when ready to deliver the FHR shoudl be what?
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120-160 BPM
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Variability of FHR +/- 5-10 BPM is normal, greater than that might indicate what
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hypoxia
narcotic sedative use |
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what defines bradycardia in the FHR
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<100 or a drops of 20 BPM from baseline typically measure asphyxia
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If the FHR is in brady cardia what shoud the RT do?
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O2 to mon- help reduce seevrity or hypoxia primary concern with brady is to R/O asphyxia
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what defines tachycardia in FHR
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> 180 for 2 minutes
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What can cause tachycardia in FHR
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fetal or maternal infection, fetal dyarrhytmia, maternal dehydration, maternal anxeity, stimutaltion of fetus and asphyxia
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there are 2 drug classes that can stop contractions what are they and what drugs?
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sympathomimetic- ritodrine, salbutamol, terbutaline
parasympathoytic- atropine |
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mild contractions of false labor is termed what
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Braxton Hicks
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Chromosomal characteristics of a cell are called what
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Karyotype
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Estriol is a metabolite of estrogen explain this test
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pbtained from maternal uterine
high levls indicate a fetal weel ebing unpopulat test numerous false postives |
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Explains shome ways that the date of delivery is stimated
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NaGele's rate
Fundal Height Qucikening - 1st sensation of fetal movement FHR 16-20 wks Ultrasonography |
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What can the ultrasound measure when estimated the date of delivery
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amniotic sac dimesnions
crown-rump length femur length biparietal diamete of skull |
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what is NaGele's Rule
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subtarct 3 months from 1 st day of last menstrual period add 7
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What are some factors of a high risk pregnancy
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low income* severe social problems* poor nutrioin* maternal age <16 or >35* obese or underweight*medical history*smoking history*high alcohol ingestion*Drug use
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What is CST used for?
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used to determine the rpessure of uteroplacenta, insufficnect by sunjecting the fetus to stress. The stress come froam an interrupption of maternal blood to the intervillus
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what is a "+" Cst
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more than 50 % of contractions having late fetal heart rate decleratons
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What is a "-" Cst
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no declcertaions are seen after any contractions
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What is CST
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Contraction Stress Test
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What is NST
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non stress test
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with a NST in a heathly fetus the Hr will increase in association with fetal body movemment how?
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the qulaifying HR of atleast 15/min over baseline and last at least 15 secodns. Normal reactive pattern shows @ least 2 accerlations in conjuctions with fetal movemnt over 20 min window
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What will the NST and CST test show when the fetus is sleeping or Maternal sedation
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Negative NST
Negative CST |
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What will the NST and CST show witha fteus with prolonged hypoxia
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Neagtive NST
Positive CST |
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What is the term for giving birth
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Parturition
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WHat is the basic outline of Parturition
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rupture of the membrane, dilation of thecervix, contractionof the uterus, separation of the placenta, shrinking of the uterus
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What starts the process of Parturition
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hormones and withdraw of progestorne & estrogen cause uterine activation
**Osytocin and protsoglandis stimulates the uterus |
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There is 4 stages of delivery what are they
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1) full dilation and effacemnet of cervix -10cm
2.) delivery of fetus-20 min to 2 hr 3.) Expulsion of the placents 5-45 min 4.) Recovery stage |
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What are the 4 stages of nomral labor and delivery
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1.) full dilation & effacement of the cervix -10 cm
2..) Delivery of the fetus - 20 min to 2 hr 3.) Explusion of the placenta 5-45 min 4.) Recovery stage |
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Explain in more detail waht happens in stage 1
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during the onset of the 1st contraction, the cervix begins to stretch and widen
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What is effacement
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stretching or lining of the cervix
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What is the most common fetal poistion of 95 % of births
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vertex position
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Explain in more detail what happens in stage 2 of delivery
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decent of the fetus through the birth canal= aided by contraction of the abdonimal muslces and diaphragm
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What is happening in stage 3 of delivery
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expulsion of the placenta
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What agenst areused in the process od stopping labor (Tocolysis)
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Terbutaline-Brethine
Ritodrine-Yutopar Mg+ SO4 |
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What are some reason to give tocolysis agents
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not in true labor
cervix dilated less than 4 cm fetus must be b/t 20-39 wks no sign of fetal distress no contraincications |
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what are some causes of Dystocia ( prolonged & difficult labor)
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Uterine dysfunction* Abnormal fetal presentations* Excessive fetal size * Hydrocephalus
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What is a common problem with a fetus in the breeched position in regards to the umbilical cord
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any interruption in blood flow through the umbilical cord leads to hypoxia & evntual asphyxia to the fetus
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What is Placenta Previa?
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implantation in the lower portion of the uterus
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WHat is total placenta previa?
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blocks birth canal
** needs a C-section** |
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What is Abruptio Placentae
what causes it? |
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
caused by preclampsia |
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What are some reasons for a C-Section
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Large fetis, severe maternal preclampsia, hemorrage, partial or total placenta previa, failure of cervix to dilate, fetal distress, fetus anesthesia depression
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Twinning occurs in 1 out of 99 pregnancies what are the odds of fraternal vs identical
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2/3 fraternal - sep ova
1/3 idnetical 1 ova |
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What initates the 1st breath
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asphyxia- inc PaCO2, dec PaO2, and pH
Recoil of thorax after passing birth canal |
