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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the layers that surround the egg when it is ovulated?
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- layer of follicle cells: cumulus
- zona plleda proteins |
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What are the functions of acrosome?
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it releases enzymes and allows sperm passage through cumulus and zona pellucida
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Give the roles of each of the hormones secreted by the placenta during pregnancy.
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- hCG: maintains CL
-progesterone and estriol: maintains pregnancy/takes over functions of CL; breast growth -relaxin: loosens connections b/w pelvic bones, prepares cervix |
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Definition: Cleavage
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- makes more cells
- begins a day after fertilization |
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Definition: Gastrulation
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- major cell movement (creates several layers --> organs)
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Definition: Neurulation
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- creates nerve tube (organizes body)
- first stop of development |
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Definition: Organogenesis
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- cells form tissues and organs
- cell move, change shape, differentiate |
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Definition: Morula
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The ball of cells which forms at about 3 – 4 days after insemination of the egg, resulting from the cleavage of the fertilized ovum.
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colostrum vs mature milk
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Colostrum = yellowish thick, first few days after bith. Low in fat and sugar but rich in proteins and antibodies.
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List all five features examined in a newborn that are part of the APGAR score.
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Heart rate
breathing muscle tone responsiveness blood flow to skin |
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What is the most likely cause for triploidy?
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dispermy
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What is the most likely cause for tetraploidy?
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affertilized egg does not divide after first mitosis
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What is the most likely cause for Turner’s syndrome?
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non-disjunction in father
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What is the most likely cause for Klinefelter’s syndrome?
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non-disjunction in mother (egg with two x chromosome)
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What is the most likely cause for XXY?
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non-disjunction in father (sperm with 2 y chromosomes)
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What factors contribute to SIDS?
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peak at 3 months
may be due to failer of coordinating of breathing risks: sleeping on stomach, trauma or drugs during birth, smoking in mother |
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Differentiate between monogenic and polygenic genetic disorders
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Mono: shickle cell anemia, hemophilia, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
polygenic (more than one gene): nueral tube defects, cleft lip, cleft plata, mental disorders |
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Give examples of biological agents that can cause birth defects and fetal loss.
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Viruses: herpes, HIV, mealse
Bacteria: TB, syphilis, pneumonia protoza: toxoplasmosis (in cat feces) |
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Give examples of chemicals that can cause birth defects and fetal loss.
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therapeutic drugs (chemo, antidepress, aspirin, vitamins a & d
alcohol tobacco recreational heavy metals (mercury) pcs (from plastics) |
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What are the signs of fetal alcohol syndrome?
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IUGR
small head and brain mental retadtion "short nosed" face |
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Definition: IVF
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fertilization of effs outside the body
rationale: femalie's uterine tubes/cervix are blocked (ovaries are normal) female wishes to be pregnant w/ another womn's eff (can'tg produce own eggs / surrogacy) sperm count is low |
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Describe how artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization are carried out. In which cases is each used?
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m/f couple is infertile (one or both)
single parent/ gay woman does not want to be pregnant in vitro is use when another women has the eggs and gets pregnant |
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What produces oxytocin and what releases it?
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Hypothalamus produces
Pit releases |
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What disorders are prevented by taking folic acid during pregnancy
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Folic acid is a form of the B vitamin that aids in the regular cellular development and regeneration, and is especially crucial within the first weeks of your unborn baby’s development. It helps to insure proper formation of the brain and spinal cord, without which there is a higher chance of miscarriage, and a 1 in 1000 chance that the child will end up with a Neural Tube Disorder (NTD).
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Thalidomide:
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1950s-1960s it was a drug given for morning sickness that affected limb development
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Hormone disruptors and effects on development
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weak estrogen agonists or weak androgen antagosists (some pesticies) = affects to the development of genitalia in males
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List the intrinsic causes of infertility in females and possible treatment
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Failure to ovulate - treat with GnRH agonists and Clomid (estrogen antagonists)
Impaired transport (muscus to thick, blocked uterine tubes) - not always possible to treat Failure to implant: provide hormones estrogen and progesteron |
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List the intrinsic causes of infertility in males and possible treatment
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Coital impairment (inability to ejactulate / eretile dysfunction): surgery, drugs (viagra)
Semen quality: treat with heat, surgically correct ducts, gonadtropic treatment (LH FSH) |
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List the different extrinsic causes of infertility.
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Recreational drugs (effects hormone levels due to duration, dosage, and timing)
Therapeutic drugs: (erectile dusfunction; cancer chemo = woman sterile maybe temp for males) Environmental toxins (interfere with gonad functions) STDS |
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How do ZIFT and GIFT differ?
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ZIFT: an infertility treatment in which egg cells are removed from a woman's ovaries, and fertilized in the laboratory. The resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube
GIFT: is an infertility treatment in which eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries, and placed in one of the fallopian tubes, along with the man's sperm. This allows fertilization to take place inside the woman's body. Both GIFT and ZIFT are most effectively used to artificially fertilize a woman with temporary or permanent blockages in her fallopian tubes, because they allow placement of gametes or a zygote past the blockage. |
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What is IUI?
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semen can be injected directly into a woman's uterus to improve the chance of conception in a process called intrauterine insemination.
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Alpha-feoprotein
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NonInvasive prenatal diagnosis
blood test of mother - detects neual tube and chromosome problems if high levels |
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Amniocentesis
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Invasive prenatal diagnosis
after 14th weeks needle inserted trhough adbdomen, uterus, amniotic sac |
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Chronic villi sampling (CVS)
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Invasive prenatal diagnosis
after 10th week fewer tests, through the cervix |
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Cordocentesis
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Invasive prenatal diagnosis
blood taken from imbilical cord |
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Fetal biopsy
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Invasive prenatal diagnosis
remove tissue from fetus |
