Fertilization

Front 1

Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs

Back 1

Parthogenesis

Front 2

There is not a single known case of natural parthogenesis in ________

Back 2

mammals

Front 3

_______ ________ can be induced in mammals but all embryos die early

Back 3

Artificial parthogenesis

Front 4

To develop properly, the mammalian embryo needs _____ _____ _____ of certain genes with either a maternal or paternal ______

Back 4

wild type alleles; imprint

Front 5

Sea Urchin Fertilization (1):

In the acrosomal reaction, the ____ ____ breaks down, releasing ______ that digest a path through the egg's protective ______ _____

Back 5

acrosomal membrane; enzymes; jelly coat

Front 6

Sea Urchin Fertilization (2):

Polymerization of actin creates the ______ _____, which contacts the egg _____ _____, triggering the fast block to _______ (change in the electrical charge on the membrane from - to +)

Back 6

acrosomal process; plasma membrane; polyspermy

Front 7

Sea Urchin Fertilization (3):

Species-specific recognition molecules (bindin) on the _____ _____ bind to corresponding _______ molecules on the ______ ______

Back 7

acrosomal process; receptor, vitelline envelope

Front 8

Sea Urchin Fertilization (4):

Sperm and egg cell membranes fuse. Activated ______ receptors stimulate ____ release from stores in the ER into the cytoplasm, causing cortical granules to fuse with the _____ ______. ______ organelles enter the egg cytoplasm.

Back 8

bindin; Ca2+; plasma membrane; Sperm

Front 9

Sea Urchin Fertilization (5):

_____ _____ enzymes dissolve the bonds between the vitelline envelope and the ______ _____, initiating the ____ ____ __ _______

Back 9

Cortical granule; plasma membrane; slow block to polyspermy

Front 10

Sea Urchin Fertilization (6):

Substances released by the _____ ____ absorb H2O and swell

Back 10

cortical granules

Front 11

Sea Urchin Fertilization (7):

Enzymes remove ___-____ _____. The vitelline envelope hadens, forming a ______ _______

Back 11

sperm-binding receptors; fertilization envelope

Front 12

When the membrane of the egg depolarizes briefly this is called the....

Back 12

fast block to polyspermy

Front 13

Calcium Wave:

Calcium ______ occurs even in calcium free seawater so the source of calcium must be ______

Back 13

increase; internal

Front 14

Calcium Wave:

The sperm acts through a _____ _____ _____, containing a G-protein. _______ ______ and a ______ _____ initiate the calcium release.

Back 14

signal cascade pathway; inositol triphosphate; tyrosine kinase

Front 15

Calcium Wave:

Artificial release of calcium by the _____ _____ ("A23187") can trigger similar downstream events as ____ (The calcium rise is _____)

Back 15

calcium transporter; sperm; sufficient

Front 16

Calcium Wave:

Removing Ca2+ by a chelating agent _____ later steps. (The calcium rise is _____)

Back 16

blocks; necessary

Front 17

The calcium wave triggers activation of a _____-_____ ______. ______ are pumped out of the cell, pH starts to _____ and ______/_____ synthesis are activated.

Back 17

sodium-proton exchanger; Protons; rise; DNA/Protein

Front 18

The calcium wave triggers exocytosis of _____ _____ which form the _____ _______. This is the slow _____ to _______.

Back 18

cortical granules; fertilization envelope; block; polyspermy

Front 19

The calcium wave triggers the initiation of ______ _____ using the sperm's _______. Then _____ ______ and the ____ _____ occur.

Back 19

spindle formation; centrosome; nuclear fission; first mitosis

Front 20

Calcium wave:

In sodium free sea water protons ____ _____ ___ and pH ____ ____. Protein synthesis ____ activated (pH rise __ _______ )

Back 20

aren't pumped out; doesn't rise; isn't; is necessary

Front 21

Adding ___ with no sperm can raise the egg ___ and activate protein synthesis. (increase in ___ is sufficient)

Back 21

NH3; pH; pH

Front 22

____ rise (and not sodium inflow) is necessary and sufficient for protein synthesis activation

Back 22

pH

Front 23

Differences between Sea Urchins and Mammals:

A special structure surrounding the sperm head must be removed by interactions with the female reproductive tract

Back 23

Capacitation

Front 24

Differences between Sea Urchins and Mammals:

Presence of a C____

Back 24

cumulus

Front 25

Differences between Sea Urchins and Mammals:

Mammals do not have a significant membrane _______

Back 25

depolarization

Front 26

Differences between Sea Urchins and Mammals:

Mammals have species specific interaction on the _____ ______

Back 26

zona pellucida

Front 27

Differences between Sea Urchins and Mammals:

In mammals exocytosis of the cortical granules results in changes in the ____ _____, which lowers its affinity for _____

Back 27

zona pellucida; sperm

Front 28

Differences between Sea Urchins and Mammals:

______ and _____ ______ can occur in a culture dish for humans but later embryonic stages require implantation into the uterus

Back 28

Fertilization; early cleavages

Front 29

Differences between Sea Urchins and Mammals:

____ _____ does not occur prior to the first mitosis in mammals

Back 29

nuclear fusion