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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mons pubis
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Area over pubic bone
Hair Fat pad under the skin |
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Labia major
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Outer lips
Has hair |
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Labia minora
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Inner lips
No hair |
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Clitoris
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Erectile tissue homologous to penis
Has a glans clitoris and 2 corpa cavernosa Hood of skin over the clitoris called a prepuce |
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prepuce
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Hood of skin over the clitoris
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Vestibule
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“foyer” to the vagina
2 sets of glands that make mucus to lubricate the opening to the vagina 1. Lesser vestibular (Skene’s) 2. Greter vestibular (Bartholin’s) Bartholin’s is analogous to Bulbourtheral glands in the male |
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Descent of the ovaries is caused by:
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1.partly by growth of the urogenital ridge toward the midline
2. the ovaries form a caudal genital ligament (gubernaculum) that extends to the labia majora |
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Outermost covering of the ovaries
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is called germinal epithelium
it is a simple cuboidal epithelium derived from the peritoneum. |
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Tunica albuginea
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dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium of ovary
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Outer cortex of ovary contains...
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follicles in different stages of development.
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Inner medulla of ovary
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vascular stroma
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Ovarian Cortex contains...
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follicles in different stages of development.
(Primordial, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) |
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Primordial follicle surrounded by...
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follicular cells
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Primary Oocyte Characteristics
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prominent vesicular nucleus with a nucleolus.
Arrested in prophase of meiosis I. Surrounded by follicular cells – squamous cells attached to each other by desmosomes. |
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From the influence of FSH follicular cells become...
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cuboidal granulosa cells
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Primary oocyte secretes a glycoprotein coat around it called...
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the zona pellucida
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The stroma surrounding the developing primary follicle forms...
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theca folliculi – theca interna & theca externa
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The theca interna secretes...
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androstenedione which is converted into estradiol by the granulosa cells
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Theca externa is...
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highly vascularized
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Secondary Follicle Characteristics
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Formed when fluid (liquor folliculi) begins to accumulate between the granulosa cells.
Fluid filled spaces coalesce to form an antrum. Fluid contains high concentrations of sex steroids and steroid binding proteins. |
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Tertiary Follicle Characteristics
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aka Graafian Follicle
Larger than a secondary follicle, seen as a bulge on the ovary. Oocyte is positioned off center attached to a small mound of granulosa cells called cumulus oophorus. |
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corona radiata
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Granulosa cells surrounding the tertiary oocyte
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LH surge from the pituitary triggers...
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the primary oocyte to complete its first meiotic division
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Secondary oocyte is arrested in...
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metaphase of meiosis II
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Where the oocyte is about to be released from the ovary...
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the surface of the ovary looks dark and is called the stigmata
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Time and cause of ovulation:
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Around day 14 under the influence of FSH & LH the ovarian follicle undergoes a sudden growth spurt producing a bulge on the surface.
An oval spot called ‘stigma’ appears at the center of the swelling where the follicle will rupture |
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Ovulation releases...
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the secondary oocyte with the granulosa cells
Follows the LH surge by 12-24 hours. Body temperature rises and it is the basis for some of the fertility detection |
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Pain during ovulation
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b/c of stretching of the ovarian wall, called Mittelschmerz pain
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Corpus Luteum of Menstration
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Temporary endocrine organ formed from the remnants of the graafian follicle.
Types of cells: 1. Granulosa lutein cells 2. Theca lutein cells 3. Interstital cells |
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Granulosa Lutein Cells
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formed from granulosa cells in the corpus luteum.
large cells with abundant SER, Golgi bodies & mitochondria. form progesterone convert androgens (from theca lutein cells) into estrogens. |
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Theca Lutein Cells
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formed from theca interna.
Concentrated mainly around the periphery of the corpus luteum. form progesterone & some androgens. |
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Interstitial Cells
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Comes from thecal cells from atretic follicles.
Found predominantly in the medulla of the corpus luteum. Produce steroid hormones |
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Development of corpus luteum is dependant on...
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LH
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The fate of corpus luteum depends on...
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whether pregnancy is established.
If there is NO pregnancy, then the corpus luteum degenerates by apoptosis |
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corpus albicans
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an acellular collagenous mass formed from the degenerated corpus luteum
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Corpus Luteum(of Pregnancy)
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If pregnancy occurs, then under the influence of HCG (from the placenta) the corpus luteum grows & secretes progesterone.
It persists for 3-4 months, then begins to degenerate & forms corpus albicans. (placenta takes over!) |
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Ovarian Cycle Stages
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Divided into 3 stages:
1. Follicular phase – 1-13 days – development of follicles 2. Ovulation – day 14 – rupture of the follicle releasing the oocyte 3. Luteal phase – 15-28 – presence of corpus luteum activity |
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Primordial Follicle of the Ovarian Cycle
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Primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of cells
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Primary Follicle of the Ovarian Cycle
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Primary oocyte with stratified layer of cells
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Secondary Follicle of the Ovarian Cycle
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Secondary oocyte with formation of antrum
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Graafian follicle
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Mature follicle with secondary oocyte
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Corpus Luteum of the Ovarian Cycle
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Thecal and Follicular cells forming a gland
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Fallopian Tubes
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Paired muscular tubes which open at one end into the peritoneal cavity & at the other end into the uterine cavity.
Consists of a mucosa, a muscular layer & serosa |
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Fallopian Tube Functions
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Captures the released ovum
site of fertilization is ampulla of FT Transports zygote to the uterus. |
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FT Mucosa
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consists of ciliated & secretory non-ciliated cells.
has numerous folds especially in the ampulla |
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FT Muscular Layer
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Inner circular & outer longitudinal muscle layer
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FT Serosa
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outermost covering containing mesothelium
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Fallopian Tube Epithelium
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Ciliated columnar cells – cilia beat towards the uterine cavity.
Secretory cells (Peg cells) – dark staining cells, they secrete a nutrient rich fluid that nourishes the sperm and the developing zygote |
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3 Parts of Uterus
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3 parts:
Fundus Body Cervix |
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Uterine Layers
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Fundus & body have 3 layers:
Endometrium Myometrium Serosa/Adventitia |
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Uterine Endometrium
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Undergoes hormonally induced cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle.
Mucosa made of simple columnar epithelium containing secretory & ciliated cells. Contains simple tubular glands. Lamina propria contains abundant reticular fibers, ground substance, macrophages & fibroblasts. |
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Layers of endometrium:
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Stratum functionalis – superficial layer shed during menses; divided into a stratum compactum and astratum spongiosum.
Stratum basalis – preserved during menses; basal cells in the glands regenerate the stratum functionalis |
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Uterine arteries branch to form...
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arcuate arteries in the myometrium
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Arcuate arteries give rise to:
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straight arteries in the stratum basalis
coiled (spiral) arteries in the stratum functionalis that undergo cyclical changes during menses |
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Uterine Myometrium
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Thickest layer composed of smooth muscle cells.
Outer & inner longitudinal & middle circular layers. Middle layer has many blood vessels; the stratum vasculare |
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During pregnancy, the myometrium
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Undergoes hyperplasia & hypertrophy
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Myometrium contractions from...
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Elevated oxytocin & prostaglandin levels during parturition stimulate contractions
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Uterine Perimetrium
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Serosa – covering fundus of uterus
Adventitia – covering the body of the uterus. |
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Uterine Cycle
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Cyclical changes occurring in 3 phases:
1. Proliferative phase 2. Secretory phase 3. Menstrual phase |
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Proliferative Phase Endometrium
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Day 5-14 (right after menses)
Coincides with follicular phase of ovarian cycle. Stratum functionalis regenerates from high mitotic activity in the cells of the basal glands. Glands are straight & lined by simple columnar epithelium. Under influence of estrogen. |
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Secretory Phase Endometrium
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Day 15-28, begins shortly after ovulation; under influence of progesterone
Corresponds to luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. Glands become more coiled & thickened. glandular lumens become filled with glycoprotein secretions cells of the gland accumulate large quantities of glycogen. |
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Menstrual Phase Endometrium
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Days 1-4, hemorrhagic discharge of the functional layer of the endometrium.
Menses composed of dead cells, blood and stroma. |
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Cervix Wall
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composed mainly of dense collagenous tissue interspersed with elastic fibers & few smooth muscle cells.
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Cervical Glands
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Branched, secrete a serous fluid close to ovulation.
During pregnancy they secrete a thick viscous secretion that hinders the entry of sperm and microorganisms |
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Endocervix
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lined by simple columnar epithelium containing mucus secreting cells.
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Ectocervix
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stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium.
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PAP smear
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Epithelial cells are scraped from the lining of the cervix & vagina & examined.
Important screening method for cervical cancer |
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Vagina
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Fibromuscular tube made up of 3 layers:
1. Mucosa 2. Muscular Layer 3. Adventitia |
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Vaginal Mucosa
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stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
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Vaginal Muscular Layer
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composed of poorly defined circular & longitudinal muscles with interspersed elastic fibers.
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Vaginal Adventitia
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fibroelastic connective tissue.
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Vaginal Epithelial Cells contain...
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glycogen, which is used by bacteria to form lactic acid.
Lactic acid lowers the pH of vagina. (can detect STDs) |
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Vaginal Lamina Propria
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fibroelastic connective tissue which is highly vascular in the deeper aspect
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Mammary Gland/ Breasts
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Compound tubuloalveolar glands derived from the skin.
15-20 lobes with a lactiferous duct. Each duct has a lactiferous sinus at its opening near the nipple. |
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Resting Mammary Gland
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Very little glandular component.
Abundant stromal component. Ductal system lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium whose basal layers contain myoepithelial cells. |
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Active/ Lactating Mammary Gland
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Under the influence of estrogen & progesterone, the terminal portions of the duct proliferate & form secretory acini.
Stroma replaced by numerous acini. |
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What happens when the egg does get fertilized?
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A gravid phase replaces the menstrual cycle
Ovum->Zygote->morula->blastocyst Blastocyst has a central mass of cells called the inner cell mass which becomes the embryo |
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Blastocyst during fertilization
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day 6-10, attaches to the endometrium through progesterone and estrogen receptors
RU-486 or mifepristone (drug) blocks these receptors and does not allow implantation. Cells surrounding the blastocyst are the outer cell mass which becomes the placenta |
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Placenta Layers
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outer cell mass of blastocyst makes 2 layers:
1. the cytotrophoblast (inner) 2. the syncytotrophoblast (outer) |
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Maternal blood vessels invade...
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the syncytotropohblast and eventually the intervillous clefts
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Until villi are formed , the fetus gets nutrients and oxygen through ...
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diffusion
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Placenta villi
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has central vessels from fetus surrounded by cytotrophoblast cells from the mother
will touch the maternal endometrium and form a shell that is interrupted by intervillous clefts: Now called cotyledons |
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Endometrial layers of Placenta:
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Underneath the placenta the endometrium forms 3 layers
1. decidua basalis 2. decidua capsularis 3. decidua parietalis |
