Female Reproductive System

Front 1

Components of the female reproductive system

Back 1

ovary, Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina

Front 2

Functions of the female reproductive system

Back 2

Produce sex hormones

Produce functioning gametes (ova)

Support and protect developing embryo

Front 3

Relation of the bladder and uterus

Back 3

Body of the uterus is almost horizontal over the bladder

Front 4

Accumulation of cells on the posterior side of the coelomic cavity

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Urogenital ridge

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Formed laterally to the urogenital ridge

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Mesonephric duct (Wolffian)

Paramesonephric duct (Mullerian)

Front 6

When do the Wolffian ducts develop?

Back 6

In the 5th week

Front 7

When do the two paramesonephric ducts develop?

Back 7

In the 6th week

Grow caudally and medially until they meet in the midline in the 8th week

Front 8

What do the unfused portions of the Mullerian ducts become in females?

Back 8

Fallopian tubes

Front 9

What do the fused portions of the Mullerian tubes become?

Back 9

Uterus, cervix and upper vagina

Front 10

Which is more dominant in males? Wolffian or Mullerian?

Back 10

Wolffian-vas deferens

Seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, epididymis and vas deferens

Front 11

What will degenerate in females through development?

Back 11

Wolffian tube-- the remnants are seen sometimes in the mesovarium as paroophoron

Front 12

The caudal portion of the vagina comes from these

Back 12

Sinovaginal bulbs, urogenital sinus

Front 13

Two uteruses and two vaginas will result from what? What is this called?

Back 13

The two Mullerian tubes not uniting; uterus didelphys with double vagina

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One vagina but two uteri

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Uterus bicornis

Front 15

Problems with the top of the Mullerian tubes forming together

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Uterus arcuatus

Front 16

When a woman has all the symptoms of menstruation but does not menstruate, one should be suspect for this uterine abnormality

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Atresia of cervix: Cervix is closed and contents of endometrial wall cannot flow out

Front 17

Each ovary is about the shape of an ________.

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almond

Front 18

Approximately how many ova are stored in the ovary on each side?

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About 20K

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Hormones that ovaries produce

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estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Front 20

Mature follicle is called this

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Graffian follicle

Front 21

Part of the ovary which is likely yellow due to lipid production and progesterone

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Corpus Luteum

Front 22

While the follicle is maturing, what hormone is produced in excess and why?

Back 22

Estrogen- will assist in repairing the part of the endometrium of the uterus which was lost in a previous menstruation

Front 23

Four layers of the ovary

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-Epithelium on surface

-Tunica albuginea

-Stroma (medulla, support)

-Germ cells (ovum)

Front 24

Which layer of the ovary is that which provides nutrition?

Back 24

Stroma

Front 25

What is the vesicle called which arises in the stage after the Graafian follicle?

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Corpus Luteum

Front 26

Latin for "whitening body," this is the name for the corpeus luteum after it has died off (regresses) following ovulation not resulting in pregnancy

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Corpus albicans

Front 27

Is ovary intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

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Retro- part of it is covered by peritoneum

Front 28

What kind of epithelium will we find in the ovary? What is another name for this kind of epithelium?

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Simple cuboidal; germinal epithelium

Front 29

What kind of tissue do we find in tunica albuginea?

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Fibrous connective tissue

Front 30

Where do most ovarian cancers arise (in what layer of the ovarian tissue?)

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From the epithelial surface of the ovary

Front 31

At puberty, the _________________ in (THIS PHASE OF MEIOSIS I), recommence their development-- a few at a time and once per month.

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Primary occytes; Prophase I

Front 32

When will a secondary oocyte proceed into Meiosis II?

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If it is fertilized

Front 33

The cells underlying the epithelial layer of the ovary

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Tunica albuginea- fibrous connective tissue (fibroblast in nature)

Front 34

Area immediately outside of the egg

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zona pelucida

Front 35

In what eggs does tha zona pellucida first appear?

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In unilaminar primary oocytes

Front 36

Where does the zona pellucida arise from?

Back 36

It is secreted by the oocyte and follicular cells.

Front 37

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

Back 37

Will bind spermatozoa and initiate the acrosome reaction/fertilization

Front 38

In follicle development, when will we see two layers of supporting cells?

Back 38

The secondary follicle

Front 39

What kinds of cells will we see surrounding the primordial follicle?

Back 39

Squamous

Front 40

What kinds of cells will we see surrounding the primary follicle?

Back 40

Cuboidal

Front 41

When the ova moves to one corner of the follicle, in what follicular stage are we in? What oocyte stage?

Back 41

Secondary occyte and Tertiary follicle

Front 42

What is the cumulus oophorus?

Back 42

Granulosa cells which are closest to the ovum inside of the follicle

- Play a support role for oocyte development

Front 43

Mural granulosa cells: where are they and what are they?

Back 43

Inside of the follicle, further away from the ovum

- Play an endocrine role by producing steroids (ESTROGEN) and various other ligands

Front 44

What cells produce estrogen in the follicle?

Back 44

Mural granulosa cells

Front 45

Function of the estrogen production in the developing follicle?

Back 45

Repair the parts of the endometrium that were lost in menstruation

Front 46

Where do granulosa cells come from?

Back 46

From the follicle's stratus granulosum

Front 47

Name for the follicular fluid

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Antrum

Front 48

What else is released with the oocyte during ovulation?

Back 48

Antrum

-Will assist with the entry into the uterine tube

Front 49

Function of androgens that interact with the oocyte

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Produce estradiol via the aromatase enzyme

Front 50

Which cells produce progesterone?

Back 50

Granulosa lutein cells

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Cells which are outside of the granulosa cells

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Theca cells

Front 52

Origin of the theca cells

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Connective tissue (stromal)

-Theca interna

-Theca externa

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What is the function of the theca interna cells?

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Provide nutrition to granulosa cells and egg (vascularized)

Synthesize and secrete androgens (androstendione) -->later converted to estrogen

These cells have aromatase

Front 54

Enzyme which is responsible for converting androgens to estrogen

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Aromatase

Front 55

Primorial follicle: What makes this different than the primary follicle?

Back 55

Single layer of squamous epithelium

Front 56

How many primordial follicles will start to mature with each menstrual cycle?

Back 56

About 20, but only 1 will reach full maturity

Front 57

Term for what will happen to the follicles which started to mature but did not reach the Graafian follicle stage

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Atretic

Front 58

Epithelium of an early primary follicle will be:

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Simple cuboidal

Front 59

If a follicle has several layers but no antrum, it is classified as:

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primary follicle

Front 60

This will let you know it has reached the stage of the secondary follicle:

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Antrum

Front 61

Which is thicker: theca interna or externa?

Back 61

Interna is thicker and very well-defined--> produces hormones

Front 62

Graafian follicle's characteristics:

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-large antrum

-Two types of granulosa cells: Mural and cumulus cells

-Corona radiata cells-- communicates with oocyte via gap junctions

-oocyte is acentric within the follicle

Front 63

Cells part of the Graafian follicle which will follow the egg through ovulation into the peritoneum

Back 63

Corona radiata

Front 64

Characteristic of the theca interna:

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Thicker, epitheloid-like cells

Front 65

What is the layer that is first penetrated during fertilization?

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Cumulus oophorus (specifically corona radiata)

THEN zona pellucida

Front 66

True or false: At ovulation, an egg is released into the abdominal cavity

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True

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Second meiosis happens only if:

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Egg is fertilized

Front 68

Those follicles which grow but do not reach Graafian state: what happens?

Back 68

Follicular atresia: cell become much smaller and stroma cells replace follicular cells entirely

Front 69

Once the egg is expelled in ovulation, what is it now called?

Back 69

Corpus luteum (but first usually goes through the transitional corpus hemorrhagicum stage)

Front 70

Hemorrhage into the remains of a follicle following ovulation:

Back 70

corpus hemorrhagicum

Front 71

What are the two scenarios with and without fertilization?

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Fertilized? Corpus luteum remains and produced progesterone and estrogen

Not fertilized? Still produces progesterone but within 12 days becomes corpus albicans

Front 72

Cells of the corpus luteum and where they came from:

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Granulosa lutein cells (GLC): from granulosa cells

Theca lutein cells (TLC): from theca cells

**Produce progesterone and estrogen**

Front 73

Which are more dense: GLC or TLC?

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TLC (theca lutein cells) look almost like septa

Front 74

Purpose of the fallopian tubes

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Pathway for the ovum to the uterus

Site of fertilization by the sperm

**Fallopian tubes often AKA uterine tubes or oviducts

Front 75

Approximate number of days until fertilized egg travels back to uterus for implantation

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6-10 days

Front 76

Epithelium in the fallopian tube

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Simple columnar epithelium with cilia

Front 77

Function of the cilia in the uterine tube:

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Move the egg along toward the uterus

Front 78

Where is the Fallopian tube in relation to the ovary at the time of ovulation?

Back 78

Due to chemotaxis, fimbria often "know" and are waiting very proximal to the ovary

Front 79

What is unique about the lumen of the fallopian tube?

Back 79

Folding like a labyrinth. Higher folding at ovarian side compared to uterine side.

Front 80

Shape of uterus

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Pear-shaped

Front 81

Layers of the uterus

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Endometrium, myometrium and serosa

Front 82

Parts of the uterus:

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Fundus (top), Body, Cervix

Front 83

What do you palpate in order to know what is going on in the Douglas pouch?

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Posterior fornix

Front 84

Tissue types in the layers of the uterus

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Endometrium: simple columnar epithelium

Myometrium: smooth muscle

Serosa:

Front 85

Two layers of the endometrium and what they are known for:

Back 85

Stratum functionale: shed off during menstruation

Stratum basale: retained during menstruation, build up new stratum functionale

Front 86

What does the pituitary glad produce at the beginning of a new cycle?

Back 86

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Front 87

What does FSH stimulate?

Back 87

Follicle growth, estrogen production

Front 88

What does luteinizing hormone stimulate?

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Ovulation

Front 89

What does most birth control take advantage of?

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Replacing endogenous estrogen with exogenous estrogen--> lower activity of pituitary and hypothalamus so one doesn't ovulate

Front 90

Feedback system of menstrual cycle

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Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis

Front 91

Why does is the tissue of the endometrium necrotic in menstruation?

Back 91

spiral arteries (between stratum functionale and stratum basale) degenerate and regenerate during the menstrual cycle under the influence of estrogen and progesterone

Front 92

How many days is menstruation typically? What is the phase following menstruation called and how long is it?

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4 days; proliferative phase; 9 days

Front 93

What happens during the proliferative phase?

Back 93

Epithelial resurfacing

Front 94

Cervix functions

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Opens and closes: keeps the uterine lumen closed, but expands during birth

Front 95

What about pregnancy causes menses to cease?

Back 95

The continued existence of corpus luteum and production of progesterone

Front 96

Epithelium changes from _________ to _________ as you pass from uterus to cervix

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simple columnar to squamous epithelium

(as you pass into vagina, it changes again to become thickened)

Front 97

What in the cervix helps with expansion during childbirth? How much does the cervix expand?

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Collagen fibers; 50X

Front 98

When ________ levels are low, the mucus of the cervix will be thick and sparse.

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Estrogen

Front 99

When an egg is ready for fertilization, what levels are high? What happens to the mucous?

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estrogen; mucus is thin and slippery for sperm

Front 100

Epithelium in vagina

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Stratified squamous

Front 101

Wall of the vagina is made of:

Back 101

Dense connective tissue and muscle fibers

Front 102

Last portion of the cervix and the vagina have no:

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Glands

Front 103

What kind of bacteria live in the vagina?

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Lactobacilli vaginalis: produce lactic acid and glycogen

Front 104

Is the pH of the vagina low or high? What happens when it is the opposite?

Back 104

Low (acidic); will develop yeast infection when high

Front 105

What is a mammary glad? When do they reach functional state?

Back 105

Tubuloalveolar gland that develops from the epidermis; reaches functional state during pregnancy

Front 106

What will be characteristic of an active, lactating mammary gland?

Back 106

Tremendous amount of alveoli separated by septa

Infiltrating plasma cells

Front 107

Inactive mammary glad: what will it have?

Back 107

Small primarily ductal elements and connective tissue

Front 108

What is the V-shaped area covered with hair?

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Mons pubis

Front 109

What are the glands which help with lubrication during intercourse?

Back 109

Bartholin's glands

Front 110

Thin, hairless ridges that split anteriorly to enclose clitoris

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Labia minora

Front 111

Is the uterus intraperitoneal?

Back 111

yes

Front 112

Remnants of Mullerian ducts in males

Back 112

utriculus prosteticus

Front 113

What is the antrum?

Back 113

Fluid from granulosa cells; there is not enough nutrition

Front 114

Theca cells: what is the signaling pathway?

Back 114

Theca cells make androgens as a response to LH, which turn into testosterone and later into estrogen by aromatase

Front 115

Do you have a zona pellucida in your primordial follicle?

Back 115

No, you get your ZP in your early primary follicle

Front 116

Antiflexed antiversion: what does this mean?

Back 116

Normal position of the uterus

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