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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When does the first ovulation occur?
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One year after menarche
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How many follicles are women born with?
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600-800,000 at birth
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When do primordial follicles first appear?
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3rd fetal month
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Where do oocytes originate in embryonic development?
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yolk sac
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Primordial follicles
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Surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells
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What is the zona pellucida secreted by?
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Oocyte
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What does the zona pellucida contain?
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Glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans
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Early primary follicle
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squamous --> cuboidal cells
FSH influences development Zona Pellucida appears |
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Late primary follicle
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Single layer of cuboidal proliferate --> stratified cuboidal
Stratum granulosum Theca interna Theca externa |
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Theca interna
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Cells nearest follicle
Secrete steroids = androgens in response to LH |
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Theca externa
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Smooth muscle and collagen
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What are the granulosa cells synonymous to in the male?
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Sertoli
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What are the theca interna cells synonymous to in the male?
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Leydig
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What do the granulosa cells do?
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Secrete EGF, IGF-1, and Calcium ions in response to FSH
Change androgens to estrogen |
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Secondary follicle
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6-12 layers of granulosa cells
Fluid accumulates in follicular cells |
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What is in the follicular cells?
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Hyaluronic-acid rich liquor - form an antrum
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Mature Graafian follicle
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10mm in diameter
Bulges at surface of ovary, has cumulus oophorus and corona radiata |
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What is the "mound" of granulosa cells found in the mature follicle?
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Cumulus oophorus
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What are the cells immediately surrounding the oocyte? When are they formed?
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Corona radiata
Mature follicle |
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LH surge causes receptors to do what?
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Reduce in number
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How soon after LH surge does ovulation take place?
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12-24 hours on 14th day
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Factors leading to ovulation
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Increase in volume and pressure of follicular fluid
Deposition of GAGs between cumulus and granulosum Contraction of smooth muscle via prostaglandin release (theca externa) |
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What happens just before ovulation?
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Region over bulging follicle becomes ischemic
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How long is the secondary oocyte viable after being released?
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24 hours
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When does the second mitotic division occur?
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After the sperm has penetrated the oocyte.
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Ectopic pregancy
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Can occur in uterine tube.
Oocytes that fail to enter uterine tube. Can implant anywhere in peritoneal cavity-often pouch of douglas. HCG levels with no pregancy detected in uterus. Pelvic pain. |
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What is Anexia?
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Pertaining to uterine tube and ovaries.
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What is a hemmorhagicum?
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Initial bleeding into follicular cavity that forms a clot post ovulation.
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Corpus Luteum
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Remaining follicle from ovulation.
CT from stroma invades lumen Secretes estrogen and progesterone that prepare endometrium for implantation |
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Granulosa cells become what in the CL?
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Granulosa lutein cells
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Theca internus cells become what in the CL?
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Theca lutein cells
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How long does the CL remain active with no fertilization?
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14 days
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What does a pregancy test detect?
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HCG
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What does the CL degenerate to?
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Corpus albicans - white scar
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Where do final steps of capacitation occur?
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When sperm penetrates corona radiata
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What is capacitation?
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When glycosides are released from the head of the sperm allowing it to bind to the ZP
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What does sperm binding to ZP trigger?
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Acrosomal reaction
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How does the oocyte get moved to the uterus following fertilization?
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Cilia in oviduct
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Corpus luteum of pregnancy
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Larger, maintained by chorionic trophoblasts
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What other factors maintain the CL?
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LH, prolactin, Insulin, paracrine factors from ovary
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Atretic follicle
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Follicle degeneration, dark nuclei undergo apoptosis.
Some ZP remain after death. |
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Four segments of oviduct
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Infundibulum
Ampulla - fertilization Isthmus Intramural - within uterine muscle |
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The proper ligament of the ovary (ovarian ligament) is continuous with what? What are they both a remnant of?
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Round ligament
Gubernaculum |
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Layers of oviduct
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Serosa - mesothelium
Muscularis - inner circular/outer long Mucosa - simple columnar ciliated and non-ciliated |
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Nonciliated cells in mucosal epithelium of uterus?
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Peg cells - have nutritive secretions
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Uterine layers
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Perimetrium
Myometrium Endometrium |
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2 layers of endometrium
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Stratum functionale
Stratum basale |
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Stratum functionale
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Thick portion of endometrium that sheds
Simple columnar Uterine glands - LP Estrogen dependent proliferation Progesterone dependent secretion |
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Stratum basale
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Endometrium portion that does not shed, acts as stem cells for functionale
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Blood supply of endometrium
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Stratum basale = straight arteries
Stratum functionale = spiral |
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What are the thin-walled dilated portions of capillaries in the stratum functionale?
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Lacunae
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Three phases of menstrual cycle
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Proliferative - estrogen
Secretory - Progesterone Menstrual - No hormones |
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Secretory phase
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corresponds to luteal phase
Begins a day or two after ov. Glands become corkscrew shaped Mucoid secretions rich in nutrients |
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Menstrual phase
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Contractions of spiral arteries causing ischemia
Extended vascular contraction Rupture of vessels, slouging of tissue No hormones to maintain layer |
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What product accumulates in the spiral portions of the glands?
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Glycogen
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Cervix
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Some hormonal changes but does not shed.
Glands produce mucous with hormones. Has Nabothian cysts |
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What happens to cervix during pregnancy?
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Mucous plug forms
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What is the epithelial change in the cervix?
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Simple cuboidal to stratified non-keratinized squamous
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Vagina
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No glands!
Estrogen makes cells accumulate glycogen. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ESOPHAGUS - stratified squamous non-keratinized |
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Abnormal pap cells
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Large nuclei in polymorphic cells
Normal is pyknotic nuclei |
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Mammary glands response to hormones
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Estrogen - proliferation of cells
Progesterone - secretion |
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Drop in E and P after birth does what to mammary glands
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Secretion of prolactin from brain, lactational ammenorrhea
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What is a major form of birth control in some countries?
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Lactational ammenorrhea - inhibition of LH secretion
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The mammary gland is a modified?
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Apocrine sweat gland
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Active mammary gland
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Large, secretions in ducts
DO NOT CONFUSE WITH PROSTATE |
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Breast cancer
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Most common malignancy.
Lung cancer causes more deaths. Nulliparous women, pregnancy after 35, and family history are predisposing factors |
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Day of LH surge?
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13
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What hormone rises in response to LH surge?
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Progesterone
Estrogen drops off |
