Female Reproductive Catos

Front 1

what is the function of the ovarian follicles?

Back 1

harbor and promote the development of the ova and produce estrogen

Front 2

what is the mucosal lining of the uterus?

Back 2

endometrium

Front 3

what is the primary site of fertilization?

Back 3

oviducts

Front 4

what is the effect of estrogen on vaginal epithelium?

Back 4

causes to epithelium to thicken and the cells to accumulate glycogen

Front 5

what gender is the default phenotypic development?

Back 5

female

Front 6

what are the 2 functions of ovaries?

Back 6

production of gametes (gametogenesis) and the production of steroids (steroidogenesis)

Front 7

what are the two major groups of steroid hormones secreted by the ovaries?

Back 7

estrogens and progesterones

Front 8

what cells produce estrogen?

Back 8

granulosa cells of the antral follicle, and theca lutein of the corpus luteum, and syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta

Front 9

functions of estrogens:

Back 9

promote growth and maturation of the internal and external sex organs and are responsible for the female 2° sexual characteristics that develop at puberty

Front 10

functions of progesterone

Back 10

prepares the internal sex organs for pregnancy by promoting secretory changes in the endometrium, and prepares the mamary gland for lactation by promoting lobular proliferation

Front 11

what conveys blood vessels to the ovary?

Back 11

mesovarium

Front 12

germinal epithelium

Back 12

low-cuboidal epithelium that is the surface epithelium of the ovaries; a modified peritoneum

Front 13

what is directly beneath the germinal epithelium of the ovary?

Back 13

tunica albuginea

Front 14

what does the medulla of the ovary contain?

Back 14

loose ct, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Front 15

what does the cortex of the ovary contain?

Back 15

stroma (w/ fibroblast like stromal cells), ovarian follicles (containing oocytes)

Front 16

what gives rise to 3/4 of all ovarian tumors?

Back 16

germinal epithelium

Front 17

where do primordial germ cells first appear?

Back 17

in the endoderm of the yolk sac

Front 18

in what stage are oocytes present at birth arrested in?

Back 18

first meiotic division

Front 19

what happens to the majority of primary oocytes?

Back 19

gradually lost through atresia

Front 20

what is the embryological origin of ovarian follicles?

Back 20

oocyte- endoderm; follicular cells- mesoderm

Front 21

what drives the functional development of the follicles?

Back 21

hormones from the anterior pituitary

Front 22

what are the four stages of the ovarian follicle?

Back 22

primordial, primary, secondary (antral) and mature (Graafian)

Front 23

what shape are the follicular cells in the primordial follicles?and how are they attached to eachother?

Back 23

squamous; desmosomes

Front 24

what is the stratum granulosum of the follicles

Back 24

an avascular epithelium that is formed of the granulosa cells; forms with the multilaminar primary follicles;

Front 25

zona pellucida

Back 25

amorphous substance that appears during the primary follicular stage separating the oocyte from the surrounding follicular cells; composed of 3 glycoproteins: ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 which are secreted by the oocyte

Front 26

which glycoprotein of the zona pellucida is the 'sperm receptor'?

Back 26

ZP3

Front 27

how are stromal cells in the follicle organized?

Back 27

two layers surrounding the stratum granulosum: theca interna and theca externa

Front 28

which stromal layer is highly vascularized in the follicle?

Back 28

theca interna

Front 29

what do theca interna cells produce?

Back 29

androstenedione which is converted into estradiol in the granulosa cells

Front 30

cytochrome P450 aromatase

Back 30

enzyme in the granulosa cells which converts androstenedione to estradiol

Front 31

what distinguishes a 2° follicle from a 1° follicle?

Back 31

follicular fluid

Front 32

what is proliferation of granulosa cells dependent on in the 1° follicle? In the 2°?

Back 32

activin; FSH released by basophils of the anterior pituitary

Front 33

what induces the granulosa to manufacture receptors for LH?

Back 33

FSH causes formation of estradiol which enters the nucleus, and causes the formation of LH receptors

Front 34

when does the antrum form?

Back 34

2° follicular stage

Front 35

cumulus oophorus

Back 35

small group of granulosa cells that project out from the wall into the fluid filled antrum of the mature Graafian Follicle and surround the primary oocyte. Can become free from its base

Front 36

corona radiata

Back 36

single layer of granulosa cells that immediately surrounds the primary oocyte, part of cumulus oophorus

Front 37

what is the germ layer of the ovary?

Back 37

all mesoderm except oocyte is endoderm

Front 38

what cells of the follicle have FSH receptors?

Back 38

granulosa cells

Front 39

Where are LH receptors in immature follicles? Mature?

Back 39

theca interna cells; theca interna and granulosa cells

Front 40

what initiates ovulation?

Back 40

a surge of LH from the anterior pituitary

Front 41

when does the primary oocyte complete the 1st meiotic?

Back 41

just prior to ovulation

Front 42

what does FSH do to granulosa cells?

Back 42

cause division; form aromataser enzyme; stimulate gap jnction formation

Front 43

what is the 2 cell theory of estrogen in the ovary?

Back 43

LH binds to 1) theca interna cells hich forms androstenedione from cholestrol. Androgen the diffuses through basement membrane to 2)granulosa cells where it is converted to estradiol by aromatase

Front 44

what does estradiol do? (in granulosa cells)

Back 44

increases mitotic division; causes formation of LH receptors on granulosa cells

Front 45

what increases sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to GnRH? And what does this cause?

Back 45

estradiol; surge in LH prior to ovulation

Front 46

what is the LH surge responsible for?

Back 46

release of meiosis-inducing substance which continues the meiosis of the primary oocyte to the secondary oocyte; increased blood flow to ovaries causing edema

Front 47

ovulation

Back 47

process of releasing 2° oocyte from the Graafian follicle

Front 48

when does the cumulus of the follicle break up?

Back 48

several hours prior to ovulation

Front 49

what causes the loosening of the stratum granulosum and increase in the size of the follicle?

Back 49

accumulation of follicular fluid in the antrum

Front 50

stigma

Back 50

thin, avascular region of the ovary where the mature follicle presses against the tunica albuginea which eventualy ruptures releasing the 2° oocyte

Front 51

when is ovulation always?

Back 51

14th day before beginning of menstruation

Front 52

when can fertilization occur?

Back 52

24-48 hours after ovulation

Front 53

when does implantation normally occure?

Back 53

6-7 days after ovulation

Front 54

what does the corpus hemorrhagecum become?

Back 54

corpus luteum

Front 55

what happens to the follicle remnants after ovulation?

Back 55

collapse, fold and a clot forms in the cavity (corpus hemorrhagicum)

Front 56

corpus luteum

Back 56

highly vascularized structure of granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells that acts as endocrine organ and is the remnant of a follicle

Front 57

what organelles do granulosa lutein cells develop that granulosa cells don't have?

Back 57

abundant R, increased mito, lipid droplets (become steroid producing cells

Front 58

what does progesterone do?

Back 58

prepares endometrium for implantation

Front 59

what hormone does progesterone inhibit? Estrogen?

Back 59

LH; FSH

Front 60

human horionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Back 60

secreted by the placenta; maintains corpus luteum for 3 mos.

Front 61

what is the main site of hormone production to maintain the first 2-3 mos of pregnancy? next mos?

Back 61

corpus luteum; placenta

Front 62

corpus albicans

Back 62

fibrous ct that remains when corpus luteum of menstruation is invaded by fibroblasts and undergoes luteolysis

Front 63

what happens to arteitic follicles

Back 63

phagocytized by macrophages

Front 64

where are cap junctions found in the follicle? Why are they necessary?

Back 64

between oocyte and corona radiata (granulosa cells); needed for maturation of oocyte

Front 65

what do hilus cells of the ovary secrete?

Back 65

androgens

Front 66

what cells in the ovary have similar configuaration as leydig cells of the testes?

Back 66

hilus cells

Front 67

mesosalpinx

Back 67

thin mesentery derived from broad ligament that suspends the oviducts

Front 68

4 regions of the oviduct

Back 68

infundibulum, ampulla, intramural, and isthmus

Front 69

what tissue lines the oviduct

Back 69

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium, some ciliated, some not

Front 70

what do the peg cells supply nutrients and protection to in the oviduct?

Back 70

sperm, ova, and embryo

Front 71

where and when are there the most ciliated cells in the oviduct?

Back 71

infundibular end; proliferative phase

Front 72

where and when are there the most peg cells in the oviduct?

Back 72

uterine end of the oviduct; luteal phase

Front 73

how do longitudinal folds of the oviduct mucosa vary?

Back 73

greatest height and complexity in the ampulla

Front 74

what is the positive feedback of estrogen?

Back 74

on the anterior pituitary causes sudden surge of LH

Front 75

what causes the stigma to rupture?

Back 75

collagen degradation, ischemia, and death of some overlying cells cause weakness of the outer follicular wall

Front 76

luteinization

Back 76

process of remnants of the graafian follicle forming the corpus hemorrhagicum and then the corpus luteum

Front 77

whats the predominant secretory product of the granulosa lutein cells?

Back 77

progesterone

Front 78

what is the last thing to degenerate in follicular atresia?

Back 78

zona pelucida

Front 79

what is the effect of estrogen on the myometrium cells?

Back 79

hypertrophy and mitosis

Front 80

when are myometrium muscle cells the largest and most numerous?

Back 80

pregnancy

Front 81

what is unusual about the lamina propria of the endometrium?

Back 81

amorphous matrix, very little fibers, the fibers are reticular, and is highly cellular

Front 82

what do the glands of the endometrium secrete?

Back 82

glycogen and mucus

Front 83

what are the 2 layers of the endometrium?

Back 83

stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

Front 84

what type of arteries goes to each of the 2 layers of the endometrium?

Back 84

spiral arteries to the stratum functionalis and straight arteries to the stratum basalis

Front 85

what is the epithelium of the cervical canal?

Back 85

simple columnar

Front 86

what is the epithelial transition at the external os?

Back 86

from simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

Front 87

what do the cervical glands secrete?

Back 87

mucus and lysozyme

Front 88

relaxin

Back 88

luteal hormone that induces lysis of collagen in cervical walls at the time of parturition to facilitate dilation

Front 89

what is the cervical secretion during the proliferative phase? Why?

Back 89

watery serous fluid; facilitates the entry of sperm to the uterus

Front 90

what is the cervical secretion during the secretory phase and during pregnancy?

Back 90

viscous mucus that forms plug; prevents the entry of sperm and microorganisms into the uterus

Front 91

what regulates the changes in viscosity of the cervical gland secretions?

Back 91

progesterone

Front 92

from what tissue does cervical carcinoma develp?

Back 92

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 93

what are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle? And what days do they correspond to?

Back 93

menstruation (days 1-4), proliferative (days 5-14), secretory (days 15-24), and premenstrual (days 25-28)

Front 94

what is the shape of the glands in the proliferative phase?

Back 94

simple, straight tubular

Front 95

when does glycogen accumulate in the basal cytoplasm of the glandular epithelial cells of the endometrium?

Back 95

proliferative phase

Front 96

which phase of the menstrual cycle is the most variable?

Back 96

proliferative phase

Front 97

in which phase of the menstrual cycle is the stratum functionalis the thickest?

Back 97

secretory phase

Front 98

what phase of the ovary does the secretory phase of the uterus correspond to?

Back 98

luteal phase of the ovary

Front 99

why and when does glycogen shift to the apical cytoplasm of the glandular cells of the endometrium?

Back 99

to nourish the conceptus before the formation of the placenta, and this occurs during the secretory phase

Front 100

when are the glands tortuous and sacculated in the endometrium?

Back 100

secretory phase

Front 101

what does the maintenance of the endometrium depend on?

Back 101

progesterone from the corpus luteum

Front 102

what lines the intervillous space of the placenta?

Back 102

synctiotrophoblast?

Front 103

what does the intervillous space contain?

Back 103

maternal blood

Front 104

placental barrier layers?

Back 104

endothelial, fused basal lamina, synctiotrophoblast

Front 105

what are the two main functions of the placenta?

Back 105

nutrition and maintenance of the fetus; and synthesis and release of hormones

Front 106

what is the only maternal antibody that crosses crosses the placental barrier to the fetus?

Back 106

IgG

Front 107

relaxin

Back 107

produced by both the ovary and placenta, induces the relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and softens the cervix to facilitate childbirth

Front 108

leptin

Back 108

hormone that regulates maternal nutrient storage to the nutrient requirements of the fetus; especially during last month of gestation

Front 109

what is responsible for the low pH of the lumen of the vagina? And why is this pH necessary?

Back 109

the vaginal bacterial flora metabolize the glycogen from the epithelial cells to produce lactic acid; restricts pathogenic invasion

Front 110

what provides the primary lubrication in the vagina?

Back 110

plasma derived from thin walled veins in the lamina propria combined with mucus secretions of the cervix

Front 111

what initiates development of the lobules and terminal ductules of the mammary glands??

Back 111

secretions of estrogen and progesterone from the ovary and prolactin from the anterior pituitary

Front 112

prolactin

Back 112

peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that promotes synthesis of mammary gland secretions (milk)

Front 113

colostrum

Back 113

first secretions of the mammary gland that occurs in late pregnancy and just after birth; is high-prtein and lipid-poor secretion that includes secretory IgA

Front 114

how are milk proteins secreted from the glandular cells of the mammary glands?

Back 114

merocrine secretion

Front 115

what does the mechanical stimulation of the nipple produce?

Back 115

afferent impulses to the hypothalams stimulate oxytocin release and prolactin release

Front 116

oxytocin

Back 116

hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary that causes the contraction of myoepithelial cells, causing the release of milk from the gland

Front 117

what inhibits the relese of LH from basophils?

Back 117

progesterone

Front 118

What is the source of FSH?

Back 118

basophils of the anterior pituitary

Front 119

hich hormone is most likely responsible for the release of a haploid secondary oocyte?

Back 119

LH

Front 120

which hormone stimulates the formation of progesterone receptors in the endometrium?

Back 120

progesterone

Front 121

which hormones parallel the decline of the corpus luteum?

Back 121

progesterone and estrogen

Front 122

what is a difference between anchoring and free chorionic villi?

Back 122

anchoring vili are anchored to the dicidua basalis