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90 Cards in this Set
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Gynecology and Obstetrics
(Functions) |
Consists of organs that produce ova and provide place for growth of embryo
Supply important hormones that contribute to development of body, hair, breasts, and structural changes in bones and fat |
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colp/o
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vagina
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-gravida
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pregnant
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hyster/o
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uterus
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mamm/o
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breasts
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nulli
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none/zero
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oophor/o
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ovary
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ov/o
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egg
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para
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to give birth
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salping/o
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fallopean tube
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Allows development of female characteristics
Stimulates growth of endometrium |
Estradiol
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Secreted by ruptured follicle after ovulation
Stimulates endometrium to nourish ovum |
Progesterone (nourish egg)
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Male hormone secreted by follicle
Important for female sexual drive |
Androgen
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External genitalia and urethral meatus
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Labia majora/Labia minora
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Sensitive, erectile tissue
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Clitoris
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On sides of vagina
Provide lubrication |
Bartholin's glands
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Between vaginal orifice and anus
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Perineum
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One on each side of uterus, produce ovum & hormones
Menstrual cycle, prepare uterus for fertilized egg, maintain pregnancy, promote growth of placenta |
Ovaries
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~5” long
Fimbrae create wavelike currents to pull ovum into uterus Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are present |
Fallopian tubes
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Nourishes embryo from fertilization until birth
Anteflexion = normal position, body of uterus bent forward Fundus, body (corpus), cervix (cervical os = opening of cervical canal) Walls composed of myometrium muscular layer Endometrium inner layer |
Uterus
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Muscular, elastic tube extending from uterus to exterior of body
Serves as organ of sexual intercourse, receptor of semen, discharge of menstrual flow, passageway for delivery of fetus |
Vagina
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pigmented area around nipple
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Areola
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Composed of adipose tissue and lactiferous lobules
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Mammary Glands
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Symptoms
Change in size/shape of breast Lump or thickening Bloodstained discharge from nipple Dimpling of skin Inversion of nipple Swelling in armpit Risk factors No children Begin menstruation at young age Bear children later in life Diet high in fats |
Breast Cancer
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forming mature ovum
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Oogenesis
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Stimulate single follicle monthly to rupture and release mature ovum, known as ovulation
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Luteining Hormone
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Oogenesis = forming mature ovum
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Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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initial menstrual cycle (puberty)
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Menarche
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Occurs 24-48 hours after intercourse
Chemicals in fallopian tube attract sperm Enzymes in head of sperm dissolve layer of cells around ovum Surface of ovum changes and actually repels other sperm Pregnancy begins at moment of conception |
Conception
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able to live on its own
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Viable
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conception to birth for mother
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Antepartum
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conception to birth for fetus
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Prenatal period
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develops to hold baby and releases estrogen and progesterone; Baby is suspended in amniotic fluid
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Placenta
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9 weeks to birth
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Fetus
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Conception to 8 weeks
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embryo
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is 38-42 weeks followed by parturition
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Gestation
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Childbirth
Occurs in 3 stages: Stage of dilation Contractions begin until cervix is dilated to 10cm Stage of expulsion Complete dilation until birth of baby Placental stage Afterbirth is expelled from uterus Placenta allows exchange of nutrients, O2 and waste products without allowing maternal blood and fetal blood to mix Umbilical cord connects fetus to placenta |
Parturition
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Hormone that causes uterus to begin regular contractions
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Oxytocin
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Portion of fetus that can be touched during childbirth
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Presentation
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Period of 42 days following childbirth before uterus returns to normal size (involution)
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Postpartum
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Incision through skin & muscles of perineum to enlarge vaginal orifice for baby to pass through
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Episiotomy
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Milk formation by mother
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Lactation
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First milk produced by mother rich in nutrients and contains maternal antibodies
Replaced by regular milk by third day |
Colostrum
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Vaginal discharge during first week after childbirth until endometrial lining is shed
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Lochia
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First stool of newborn containing materials ingested while in utero
Almost sterile Absence of it indicates Hirschsprung’s disease Can be drug tested |
Meconium
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False labor pains during last trimester
Irregular time intervals Disappear when patient changes position or walks about |
Braxton Hicks Contractions
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System of scoring infants physical condition 1 minute after birth – max score is 10
Records: heart rate, respiration, skin color, muscle tone and response to stimuli |
Apgar Score
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Malignant tumor of ovary
Normally discovered in advanced stages and may produce few symptoms Bloating, back pain, urinary urgency, abdominal pain, constipation, tired CA-125 blood test, physical exam, imaging studies provide evidence Cause is unknown |
Ovarian Cancer
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Most common gynecological cancer
Typically occurs post-menopause Early symptoms are bleeding Usually requires hysterectomy |
Endometrial cancer
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Malignancy of cervix
Incidence is related somewhat to sexual activity Highest risk factor is HPV Pap smears can detect Dysplasia – abnormal growth of squamous cells which are detected by Pap smear, may be precancerous Most commonly affects women 40 – 49 yoa If left untreated, will be fatal |
Cervical Cancer
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Multiple cysts on ovaries causing them to enlarge
Caused by hormonal imbalance Painful Can cause infertility and menstrual abnormalities (Amenorrhea or menometrorrhagia), obesity or insulin resistance syndrome with development of Type II diabetes |
Polycystic ovary syndrome
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Inflammation of fallopian tube
Caused by endometriosis or PID Usually synonymous with PID Hydrosalpinx = inflammation fills tube with tissue fluid Pyosalpinx – pus fills tube |
Salpingitis
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Presence of endometrial tissue outside of uterus (ex. Attach to ovaries)
Seen during reproductive years Pelvic pain, usually causes infertility Menopause abates process, managed during reproductive years |
Endometriosis
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Benign tumor of myometrium
Pelvic pain, excessive bleeding, painful intercourse Hysterectomy, myomectomy or uterine artery embolization depending on size of tumor |
Leiomyoma
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Infection of upper genital tract
Includes one or all: uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and adjacent tissues Bacteria ascend from cervix to fallopian tube Acute, subacute, recurrent or chronic Assoc with STD’s Infection can be cured by antibiotics but may leave permanent effects If left untreated will cause scarring due to adhesions, ectopic pregnancy, may cause infertility and lead to fatal septicemia, pulmonary emboli, shock |
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
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Uterus is bent backward while cervix is in normal position
Assoc with endometriosis |
Retroflexion
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Stretching of ligaments and weakness of muscles allows uterus to turn downward
Results from childbirth or age Can affect urination |
Uterine prolapse
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Absence of monthly menstrual cycle
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Amenorrhea
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Painful menstruation
Can result from PID, endometriosis, uterine fibroids |
Dysmenorrhea
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Excessive bleeding during menstrual cycle
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Menorrhagia
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Excessive bleeding at time other than menstrual cycle
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Metrorrhagia
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Light or infrequent menstrual cycle
Caused by hormone imbalance |
Oligomenorrhea
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Cessation of ovarian activity; stops hormone production
Occurs at approx. 52 yoa Absence of menses for 1 year Symptoms: hot flashes, vaginal drying and thinning as estrogen levels fall Estrogen therapy replacement (ERT) |
Menopause
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Yeast infection of vagina
Itching, leukorrhea discharge Can be side effect of antibiotics |
Candidiasis
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Herniation of bladder into vagina
Caused by childbirth or age Colporrhaphy |
Cystocele
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Painful intercourse
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Dysparenuia
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Herniation of rectum into vagina
Caused by childbirth or age colporrhaphy |
Rectocele
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Infection
Caused by candidiasis, trichomonas, bacterial infection or STD |
Vanginitis
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Any type of abnormal labor and delivery
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Dystocia
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Temporary disorder of glucose metabolism, blocking action of insuling from pancreas
High glucose crosses placenta causing fetus to grow too rapidly Dietary management, oral antidiabetic drugs Mother often develops Type II diabetes later in life |
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
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termination of pregnancy (deliberate or natural)
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Abortion
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Pregnancy induced hypertension
Symptoms: edema, proteinuria, high level of protein in urine |
Preeclampsia
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Toxemia of pregnancy leading to premature delivery
Etiology unknown Symptoms: convulsions and coma |
Eclampsia
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Implantation of fertilized egg in any site other than normal uterine location
Occurs in 1% of pregnancies, 90% of which occur in oviducts (tubal pregnancy) Risk increases 10X with one episode of PID |
Ectopic Pregnancy
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Displaced placenta which ruptures
implanted in lower region of uterine wall 3rd trimester onset Risk factors: Increases maternal age Increase pregnancies Previous surgeries |
Placenta Previa
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Premature separation of normally implanted placenta
Blood may penetrate into myometrium, causing it to weaken and possibly rupture which is life threatening Fetal death inevitable unless C-section preformed immediately |
Abruptio Placentae
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Common abnormality of delivery; fetal buttocks or feet present rather than head
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Breech presentation
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Visual exam of cervical tissue and vagina
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Colposcopy
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Visual exam of interior of uterus and fallopian tubes
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Hysteroscopy
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Xray exam of breast tissue for precancerous cells or tumors
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Mammography
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Biopsy of cervix and surrounding tissue for abnormalities (early indicators of cervical cx)
Uses speculum to spread vaginal walls Cervical Cancer |
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
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Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by a needle placed into abdominal and uterine wall
Used to diagnose congenital disorders Performed between 15-18 weeks |
Amniocentesis
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Controversial post menopausal replacement of estrogen and progesterone
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Hormone Replacement Therapy
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Removal of ovary
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Oophorectomy
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“tying” of fallopian tube to prevent sperm from reaching ovum (pregnancy)
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Tubal ligation
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Scraping of cervix to remove material from uterine surface
Used as treatment/diagnostic procedure |
Dilation and curettage (D & C)
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Surgical removal of uterus (may also include cervix)
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Hysterectomy
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Changes size, shape or position of breast
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Mammmoplasty
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Measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine if baby can pass through vagina
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Pelvimetry
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Surgical incision into perineum and vagina to prevent tearing of tissue during childbirth
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Episiotomy
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