Repro

Front 1

What are chromosomal disorders seen?

Back 1

• XO/XXX - females with ovarian dysgenesis, hypoplasia, immature repro tract
• XXY (Klinefelter's) testicular hypertrophy - male torties

Front 2

Describe true hermaphrodites.

Back 2

• Bilateral - testis + ovaries, or ovotestis on each side

• Unilateral - ovotestis on one side, testi/ovary on other

• Lateral - testi one side, ovary other

Front 3

What is a pseudohermaphrodite?

Back 3

Gonads of one sex, but external genitals have features of the opposite sex

Dogs (ACS) - male w/abdo testis but vagina

Front 4

What is freemartinism?

Back 4

Ovarian dysgenesis in cattle.

Twins share blood, male twin develops first and shares substances that sterilise heifer

Front 5

What is intrafollicular h+?

Back 5

• Physiological during ovulation. Occasionally v severe (mares - poss lethal)
• Traumatic - manual enucleation of CL/cysts - before PGs

Front 6

Describe Ovaritis/oophoritis.

Back 6

• Acute - uncommon.
  
• Chronic - ovarian bursitis - cattle, due to trauma or ascending infection. Ovum cannot move into uterine tube = infertile

Front 7

Describe cysts found on ovaries.

Back 7

• Paraovarian cyst - adjacent to oviduct.

• Follicular cyst - arise from 2ry follicles that don't ovulate and luteinise. Cattle, swine (common)due to failure of LH release, see signs of constant bulling = permanent oestrous

• Luteinised cyst - sometimes in cows, due to immaturity of follicle at LH surge

• Cystic CL - due to premature closureof ovulation site. Cattle no clinical significant

Front 8

What are the 2 ovarian neoplasms orginating from surface epithelium? Describe.

Back 8

• Papillary cystadenoma - Bitches. Multicentric, can involve both ovaries
• Papillary cystadenocarcinoma - older bitches, invasive, obstruct BVs/LVs. Poss ascites, distant metastases.

Front 9

What ovarian neoplasm arises from gonadal stroma?

Back 9

Granulosa cell tumour.

Most common ovarian neoplasm in cows and mare.

Cow, mare - unilateral, benign, big. Secrete P4, oestradiol and/or testosterone.

Older bitch - associated w/hyperoestrogenism

Front 10

What 2 ovarian neoplasms originate from germ cells?

Back 10

Dysgerminoma - unilateral, 20% metastasise. Older bitches, very big.

Teratoma - cells differntiate into any tissue, derived of >2 types e.g. teeth, skin

• Can be benign, cystic or malignant
  
• Unilateral
• Bitches, queens, sows, mares, cows

Front 11

What are acquired abnormalities of the gravid uterus?

Back 11

• Hydrosalpinx - clear fluid in tubes. Congenital/post-inflammatory e.g. after metritis in cows
• Salpingitis - inflammation - results in temporary infertility or sterility due to loss of cilia
• Pyosalpinx - pus in tubes

Front 12

What displacements of the uterus can occur?

Back 12

• Torsion - one horn (cattle - whole organ), congestion, h+ necrosis, foetal death
• Prolapse - ruminants- due to post-parturient hypocalcaemia or post-dystocia
• Rupture - after manipulation

Front 13

Describe endometrial hyperplasia.

Back 13

Result of xs hormone stimulation. Usually -

• Ungulates - oestrogens
• Dog, cat - P4

Front 14

Describe oestrogen-mediated endometrial hyperplasia.

Back 14

Due to prolonged, non-cyclic stimulation or xs circulating levels (e.g. follicular cyst)

• Hypertrophy of myometrium
• Hyperplasia of endometrium
• Dogs sometimes get downgrowth of glands into myometrium (adenomyosis).

Front 15

Describe P4-mediated endometrial hyperplasia.

Back 15

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex = changes often cystic and associated w/infection.

• Bitch - CL don't regress in dioestrous and keep secreting P4.
• Cow - CL retained due to PGFa

Predisposed to infection/pyo, enlarged uterine horns, fluid filled cysts in endometrium.

Front 16

What are the most common non-specific infections of the uterus?

Back 16

Especially in young heifers, and post-partum.

• E.coli
• Arcanobacterium pyogenes
• B-haemolysing strep
• Klebsiella
• Clostridium
• Fusobacterium
• Bacteroides

Front 17

What are the most common specific infections of the uterus? What is the sequalae?

Back 17

• Campylobacter fetus spp. venerealis
• Brucella abortus
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Tritrichomonas fetus
• Mycotic endometritis
• Haemophilus equigenitalis
• Herpesvirus bovis-1

Sequalae - septicaemia/toxaemia, pyometra, ascending infection.

Front 18

Describe pyometra in the bitch and queen.

Back 18

Non-specific - E.coli, Proteus, Staph, Strep

Cervix generally closed = not much discharge

Front 19

Describe pyometra in the cow.

Back 19

Persistant CL = P4 secretion = ↓ myometrial contraction with a closed cervix.

• Specific - Tritrichomonas fetus spp. venerealis
• Non-specific - A. pyogenes, E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Strep, Staph

Front 20

Describe pyometra in the mare.

Back 20

Post-partum independent on persistant CL.

Discharge observed

• Strep. zooepidemicus
• E.coli
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Pasteurella

Front 21

What is the sequalae of pyometra?

Back 21

• Septicaemia/toxaemia
• Rupture = peritonitis

Front 22

What are the 2 1ry tumours of the uterus?

Back 22

• Leiomyoma - of smooth m.. Most common uterine neoplasm in bitch and queen

• Adenocarcinoma - rabbits multiple, metastasise quickly. Sometimes seen in cows.

Front 23

Define abortion.

Back 23

Expulsion of fetus before an age it can survive alone.

Front 24

Define stillbirth.

Back 24

Expulsion of fetus at an age it could survive alone.

Front 25

Define mummification.

Back 25

Without infection - fluid of fetus is resorbed and it becomes desicated, brown-black-leathery mass of bones and skin.

Common in multiparous animals.

Front 26

Define maceration and emphysema of fetus.

Back 26

Due to infection.

Early embryo is softened or invaded by gas-producing bacteria → emphysema

Severe endometritis and pyometra follow.

Front 27

Define hydrallantois

Back 27

XS fluid in amnion and amniotic sacs.

Uncommon but seen in cattle.

Front 28

What does hydramnios cause?

Back 28

malformed fetus

maternal wasting as rumen capcity ↓.

Front 29

Describe Brucellosis.

Back 29

Mainly cattle - Brucella abortis.

Oedema of membranes, necrotic cotyledons, thick intercotyledonary membranes (w/yellow gelatinous fluid) and fetus has serosanguinous fluid s/c and in body cavities.

B. suis, B. melitensis (sheep, goat), B. ovis, B. canis.

Cats resistant.

Front 30

Describe campylobacteriosis.

Back 30

Cattle (C. fetus spp. venerealis) and sheep (C. fetus spp. fetus, C. jejuni)

Causes late abortions. Necrotic cotyledons, similar to brucella.

Front 31

Describe chlamydiosis.

Back 31

C. psittaci and C. abortus - sheep and goats.

Late abortion and premature lambing.

Immunity after one infection.

Lesions on fetus, cotyledons similar to brucellosis.

Front 32

Describe listeriosis.

Back 32

Abortion in cattle and sheep.

Fetal septicaemia, abscesses in liver+spleen, mild endometritis, focal, purulent placentitis.

Last trimester of pregnancy

Front 33

Describe Coxella burnetti.

Back 33

Mainly goats.

• Intercotyledonary placentitis
• Yellow, leathery placenta
• Zoonotic - Q-fever in humans

Front 34

Describe fungal abortion.

Back 34

Mainly Aspergillus (cattle, horse).

Infection haematogenous (cattle) and ascending (horse).

• Necrotising placentitis w/fungal hyphae
• Skin lesions on fetus
• Fungal hyphae in fetus stomach content

Front 35

Describe Neospora caninum abortion.

Back 35

Cattle in mid-late gestation (3-9m).

Focal, non-supurative encephalitis in fetus.

Myocarditis +/- protozoal cysts

Front 36

Describe Toxoplasma abortion.

Back 36

Sheep and goats.

Focal, non-supurative encephalitis.

Bright red cotyledons with many 1-3mm yellow/white foci

Front 37

What does BVDV do?

Back 37

Abort/mummify - 1st trimester

Congenital defects - late 1st-early 3rd trimester - born w/BVDV

• cerebellar hypoplasia
• Hydrancephaly
• Microencephaly
• Hypomyelination
• Retinal atrophy
• Optic neuritis

Front 38

Describe border disease virus (BDV)

Back 38

Ovine pestivirus - related to BVDV.

Surviving lambs may have hypomyelinogenesis and growth of hair not wool (hairy shakers). Descri

Front 39

Describe equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1)

Back 39

If virus enters arteriolar endothelium, it can enter the placenta then infect the fetus.

Pulmonary/systemic oedema and multifocal hepatic necrosis of fetus seen.

EHV-4 can also cause abortion.

Front 40

What are the 3 reproductive viruses of pigs?

Back 40

• Porcine parvo - cause SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility)
• PRRS - arterivirus induce 2ry abortion to umbilical arteritis
• Porcine circovirus - replicates in fetal lymphoid tissues causing death. No specific lesions .

Front 41

What are the three pathogens causing vaginitis/vulvitis?

Back 41

• BHV-1 - venereal or AI transmission. See intranuclear inclusion bodies.
• EHV-3 - equine coital exanthema
• Trypanosoma equiperdum - protozoa

Allow 2ry infection - usually F. necrophorum.

Front 42

What the main 3 neoplasms of the vagina?

Back 42

• Leiomyoma - middle aged bitches, single/multiple, insignificant unless huge
• Fibroma - similar to above
• Transmissible venereal tumour - found w/feral dog population - rare. Cells have fewer chromosomes. Grow quickly, can metastasise but may regress after 6m. Cells round w/vacuolated cytoplasm

Front 43

Describe Streptococcal mastitis.

Back 43

• Str. agalactiae
• Str. dysgalactiae, Str. uberis - environmental
• Enter via teat canal
• Usually permanent
• Acute purulent inflammation
• Becomes chronic with fibrosis

Front 44

Describe Staphylococcal mastitis.

Back 44

• Coagulase +ve - Sta. aureus, Sta. intermedius, Sta. hyicus
• Coagulase -ve - Sta. epidermidis
• Gangrenous - blue, cold, insensitive - separates and sloughs in 1w
• Acute non-gangrenous - necrosis w/local granulomatous inflammation and encapsulation
• Mild form - mild progressive fibrosis, lobular atrophy (↑SCC)

Front 45

Describe coliform toxic mastitis.

Back 45

• 1ry - E.coli
• 2ry - Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Serratia, Proteus
• Lesions caused by endotoxins = bloody discharge
• Huge oedema and h+
• Histo - necrosis of epithelium, oedema of septal
  

Front 46

Describe summer mastitis complex.

Back 46

Can be caused by

• penetrating injury
• contamination by flies
• Via teat canal

Mixed infection -

• Mainly Trueperella pyogenes
• Strep. dysgalactiae
• Peptococcus indolicus
• Bacteroides melaninogenicus
• F. necrophorum

Front 47

Describe Mycoplasma mastitis.

Back 47

M. bovigenitalium, M. californicum

Rapidly affects all quarters → stop of milk production

1ry supurative inflam replaced by

• chronic inflam infiltrate
• hyperplasia/metaplasai of ductal epithelium,
  
• granulation tissue

Front 48

Describe mastitis in sheep and goats.

Back 48

• Usually Sta. aureus (early in lactation) and Pasteurella haemolytica (necrotising)
• Coryn. pseudotuberculosis, A. pyogenes can enter via wounds
• Mycoplasma agalactiae - septicaemic
• Lentivirus

Front 49

Describe mastitis in swine.

Back 49

Only occasional.

• Sta. aureus - granulomatous
• Act. bovis - granulomatous
• Coliform
• Mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome - 1-2d post-farrow, several causes (incl. E.coli)

Front 50

What are poor prognosis factors for mammary tumours in bitches?

Back 50

• Necrosis
• Diameter
• Incomplete surgical excision
• High mitotic rate
• Invasive growth
• Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes
• Metastases
• 30-40% malignant

Front 51

What are the main 3 mammary tumours in bitches?

Back 51

Adenoma -

• Simple - luminal epithelium. Glandular and spindloid elements mixed together = chaotic look
• Complex - luminal epithelium and myoepithelial components
• Basaloid

Fibroadenoma -

• High and low cellularity types

Front 52

What are the main mammary tumours in queens?

Back 52

• 80% malignant

• Benign, simple and complex adenoma

• Non-infiltrating carcinoma

• Tubulopapillary carcinoma

• Solid carcinoma

Front 53

Describe feline mammary hypertrophy.

Back 53

Fibroadenomatous change, hormonally induced.

• Non-encapsulated
• One or more mammary glands
• Benign, rapid growth
• Regression possible w/ovariohysterectomy, termination or P4 tx

Front 54

Describe testicular hypoplasia.

Back 54

• Most species

• Uni/bilateral

• Linked w/toxins, hormones, Zn deficiency

• Often w/cryptorchid/chromosomal abnormalities

• Swedish cattle breeds → infertility

Front 55

What is cryptorchism?

Back 55

Incomplete descent of testicles

• Inguinal
• Abdominal - prone to torsion, tumours more common
• Uni/bilateral

Front 56

Describe testicular atrophy/degeneration.

Back 56

• Histo - hydropic degen, pyknosis, multinucleate giant cells, oligo/aspermia
• Chronic - ↓ size, fibrosis

Causes include -

• Trauma
• Compression
• Torsion
• Inflammation, infection
• Nutrition
• Hyperthermia
• Cryptorchidism
• Ionising radiation
• Hyperoestrogenism
• Senile atrophy

Front 57

Describe orchitis/epididymitis.

Back 57

Usually due to infection e.g. Staph, Strep, E.coli, A. pyogenes and often abscessation.

Horse -

• Salmonella abortus equi
• EVA

Sheep

• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
• Y. pseudotuberculosis
• Brucella ovis - chr infectious epididymitis

Dog

• E.coli
• Proteus
• Brucella canis - can induce Ab against sperm

Cattle

• Brucella abortus
• Tuberculosis
• Dystrophic calcification

Front 58

Describe a testicular seminoma.

Back 58

• From germ cells
• White-grey, bulging cut surface
• Big - increase size of testicle
• Metastases rare (poss LN)

Front 59

Describe a testicular sertoli cell tumour.

Back 59

• Bulging, white-grey cut surface

• Metastases rare (poss LNs, organs)

• May be ~15cm

Front 60

Describe an interstitial (Leydig) cell tumour

Back 60

• SIgns of feminism

• Bilateral alopecia

• Cutaneous hyperpigmentation

• Atrophy of opposite testicle

• Pendulous prepuce

• Gynecomastia

• Attracted to male dogs

• BM suppression

• Yellow/orange, well demarcated, 1-2cm

• Metastases rare

Front 61

Describe a testicular teratoma.

Back 61

Common in horses.

Can be any tissue e.g. skin (hair), tooth etc.

Front 62

Describe prostatic hyperplasia.

Back 62

Common in older, entire dogs.

Expansion of gland dorsally so it compresses colon = difficulty pooing.

Not necessarily pre-malignant.

Front 63

What are the most common tumours of the prostate?

Back 63

• Adenocarcinoma

• Non-differentiated carcinoma

• Can be malignant and go to regional LNs and bladder

• 2ry possible - TCC from bladder

Front 64

What is inflammation of the penis and prepuce called?

Back 64

• Penis and prepuce - phalloposthitis

• Glans penis and prepuce = balanoposphitis

Front 65

What are the 3 most common tumours of the penis?

Back 65

• Fibropapilloma -bull. By 3yo, caused by bovine papilloma virus-2. Single/multiple, often ulcerated
• Squamous cell papilloma - stallion. Benign, multiple, papillomavirus cause.
• Squamous cell carcinoma - stallion. On glans penis, often metastatic, prognosis guarded