Female Gu Flash Cards Chapter 18

Front 1

Skene ducts open on each side of what structure?

Back 1

open onto the vestibule on each side of the urethra

Front 2

Location of the Bartholin glands?

Back 2

posteriorly on each side of the vaginal orifice

Front 3

Function of the Bartholin glands?

Back 3

Secrete mucus into the introitus for lubrication

Front 4

Vagina inclines _______ at an angle of _______ ?

Back 4

posteriorly at an angle of 45 degrees

Front 5

Structure that separates the anterior wall of the vagina from the bladder and urethra?

Back 5

vesicovaginal septum

Front 6

Structure that separates the posterior wall of the vagina from the rectum?

Back 6

rectovaginal septum

Front 7

Uterus sits between what two structures in the pelvic cavity?

Back 7

Bladder and the rectum

Front 8

Deep recess formed by the peritoneum as it covers the lower posterior wall of the uterus and upper portion of the vagina

Back 8

rectouterine pouch

Front 9

Uterus is usually flattened anteroposteriorly and inclines forward at an angle of ______ ?

Back 9

45 degrees

Front 10

Corpus of the uterus consists of which structures?

Back 10

fundus, body, and isthmus

Front 11

Anatomical borders of the cervix?

Back 11

isthmus of the uterus to the vagina

Front 12

The adnexa of the uterus comprise what?

Back 12

fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Front 13

Usual length of each fallopian tube?

Back 13

8 -14 cm

Front 14

Fold of the broad ligament that supports the fallopian tubes?

Back 14

mesosalpinx

Front 15

Isthmus end of the fallopian tube opens into which body cavity?

Back 15

the uterine cavity

Front 16

The fimbirated end of the fallopian tube opens into which body cavity?

Back 16

the pelvic cavity

Front 17

Dimensions of the normal ovary in a woman of reproductive age?

Back 17

3 cm long, 2 cm wide, and 1 cm thick

Front 18

In an adult multiparous woman the cervix makes up what proportion of the uterus?

Back 18

one third

Front 19

IN a nulliparous woman the cervix makes up what proportion of the uterus?

Back 19

one half

Front 20

In a prepubertal female the cervix makes up what proportion of the uterus?

Back 20

two thirds

Front 21

Hormones that contribute to the strengthening and elasticity of pelvic ligaments and softening of the cartilage?

Back 21

Estrogen and relaxin

Front 22

During pregnancy the symphysis pubis separates appreciable which may cause what?

Back 22

discomfort when walking.

Front 23

Upper border of the pelvic outlet?

Back 23

at the level of the ischial spines

Front 24

Lower border of the pelvic outlet?

Back 24

bounded by the pubic arch and ischial tuberosities

Front 25

Usual appearance of the labia minora in an infant?

Back 25

avascular, thin, and pale

Front 26

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by shrinking breasts ducts, and decreasing LH and FSH levels?

Back 26

menstrual phase

Front 27

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by: Parenchymal proliferation of breast ducts and a thickening uterine lining?

Back 27

Postmenstrual pre-ovulatory phase

Front 28

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by: mittelschmerz, and coincides with the end of the proliferative phase with progesterone causing a further thickening of the uterine wall?

Back 28

Ovulation phase

Front 29

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by: alveolar breast cell differentiation into secretory cells and vascular engorgement and water retention?

Back 29

premenstrual/luteal phase

Front 30

Average age range for menses to occur?

Back 30

eleven to fourteen years of age

Front 31

What causes the increase in uterine enlargement during the first trimester?

Back 31

high levels of estrogen and progesterone

Front 32

At what week gestation does the uterus rise out of the pelvis?

Back 32

week 12

Front 33

How long postpartum will the marked mobility of the pelvis associated with relaxin release disappear?

Back 33

3 to 5 months post partum

Front 34

Softness and compressibility of the isthmus of the uterus result in exaggerated uterine anteflexion during the first 3 months of pregnancy causing the fundus to press on which structure?

Back 34

the urinary bladder

Front 35

What changes occur in vaginal secretions during pregnancy?

Back 35

secretions increase and have an acidic pH due to an increase in lactic acid production by the vaginal epithelium.

Front 36

Age range for menopause?

Back 36

40 - 55 years old

Front 37

Menopause is conventionally defined as?

Back 37

1 year with no menses

Front 38

Atrophy of labia and clitoris during menopause is caused by lack of?

Back 38

estrogen

Front 39

Changes in vagina with age?

Back 39

introitus gradually constricts, vagina narrows, shortens, and losses its rugation; mucosa becomes think, pale, and dry --> dysperunia

Front 40

Ovulation usually ceases about ______ or ______ before menopause?

Back 40

1 or 2 years before

Front 41

Total and LDL cholesterol _______ after menopause?

Back 41

increase

Front 42

Risk factors for cervical cancer?

Back 42

DES exposure in utero, lack of regular pap smears, hpv infection (16, 18, 31, 33, 45) cigarette smoking, HIV infection,

Front 43

Risk factors for ovarian cancer?

Back 43

Age, early menarche, late menopause, first child after age 30, used of fertility drugs, family history, being white, HRT, BRCA mutation, breast, endometrial and/or colon cancers

Front 44

Risk factors for Endometrial cancers?

Back 44

Early menarche, late menopause, total length of menstruation span, infertility/nulliparity, obesity tamoxifen, ERT, polycystic ovaries, diabetes, age, family history, BRCA mutation, prior pelvic radiation therapy

Front 45

A woman's full bladder during a pelvic exam may ?

Back 45

make it difficult to palpate the pelvic organs

Front 46

Unilateral labial swelling, redness, or tenderness?

Back 46

Bartholin gland abscess

Front 47

Generally clitoris is about ____ or less long and _____ in diameter?

Back 47

2 cm long .5 cm in diameter

Front 48

Inflamed, dilated urethral orifice on a woman may indicate?

Back 48

repeated UTIs or insertion of foreign objects. Gross….

Front 49

When is the appropriate time to discuss the findings of an inflamed irritated and dilated urethral orifice on a woman?

Back 49

after the pelvic exam; not during

Front 50

Irregular edges from hymenal remnants?

Back 50

myrtiform caruncles

Front 51

myrtiform caruncles

Back 51

irregular edges from hymenal remnants

Front 52

Proper technique for examining skene glands?

Back 52

with palm facing forward insert finger of examing hand into vagina to second joint of finger.

Front 53

Discharge from the skene glands or urethra usually indicates what?

Back 53

infection

Front 54

Posterolateral portion of the labia majora is where the ______ is/are located

Back 54

bartholin gland

Front 55

Abscess involving the bartholin glands are usually caused by which microbes?

Back 55

gonococcal or staphylococcus

Front 56

Swelling that is painful, hot to the touch, and fluctuant in the posterolateral portion of the labia majora. Dx? Causes?

Back 56

bartholin gland abscess caused by gonnococcus or staphylococcus

Front 57

Bulging of the anterior vaginal wall and urinary incontinence indicate the presence of what?

Back 57

a cystocele

Front 58

Bulging in the posterior wall of the vaginal wall indicates what?

Back 58

rectocele

Front 59

Marked protrusion of the cervix on straining

Back 59

uterine prolapse

Front 60

Correct way to hold the speculum prior to vaginal insertion?

Back 60

index finger over the top of the proximal end of the anterior lad and other fingers around the handle

Front 61

Bluish color of the cervix indicating increased vascularity may be an early sign of?

Back 61

pregnancy

Front 62

On exam a woman has a symmetric, circumscribed erythema around the os. This finding is ?

Back 62

expected; it indicates exposed columnar epithelium fro the cervical canal (unless you're a beginner then anything red is unexpected!)

Front 63

A pale cervix is associated with?

Back 63

anemia

Front 64

Cervix that is pointing anteriorly indicates the uterus is?

Back 64

retroverted

Front 65

Cervix that is pointing posteriorly indicates the uterus is?

Back 65

anteverted

Front 66

Depth the cervix may protrude into the vagina?

Back 66

1 - 3 cm

Front 67

During a pelvic exam you see the cervix protrude into the vagina by 5 cm. This may indicate?

Back 67

pelvic or uterine mass

Front 68

Deviation of the cervix to the right or left may indicate?

Back 68

pelvic mass, uterine adhesions, or pregnancy

Front 69

Cervix of a woman childbearing age is usually _________ in diameter?

Back 69

2 - 3 cm

Front 70

An enlarged cervix is generally indicative of a _______________?

Back 70

cervical infection.

Front 71

Small white, and yellow raised round areas on the cervix?

Back 71

nabothian cysts

Front 72

Nabothian cysts are an ________________ finding

Back 72

expected

Front 73

Os of a nulliparous woman is ?

Back 73

small and oval or round

Front 74

The os of a multiparous woman is usually ------

Back 74

a horizontal slit (maybe irregular and stellate)

Front 75

Test used for diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea?

Back 75

DNA probe

Front 76

Wet mount specimen reveals clue cells. Dx?

Back 76

bacterial vaginosis

Front 77

Wet mount specimen reveals clue cells and KOH test reveals the presence of a fishy odor

Back 77

bacterial vaginosis

Front 78

In a woman who has had a total hysterectomy a test for gonococci or chlamydia are often taken at the ?

Back 78

vestibule

Front 79

Painful cervical movement suggests?

Back 79

acute PID or ruptured tubal pregnancy

Front 80

Distance cervix should be moved without discomfort?

Back 80

1 - 2 cm

Front 81

Length of nulliparous uterus?

Back 81

5.5 - 8 cm

Front 82

A fixed uterus indicates?

Back 82

adhesions

Front 83

tenderness on movement of the uterus suggests?

Back 83

PID or ruptured tubal pregnancy

Front 84

Are the fallopian tubes usually palpable?

Back 84

no

Front 85

A mother notices a mucoid, whitish, vaginal discharge in her 1 week old infant. She brought the infant in after noticing that occasionally this is discharge is mixed with blood. You reassure her by saying:

Back 85

This is an expected finding due to the passive hormonal transfer to her infant

Front 86

Palpable bartholin and skene glands in a child indicate?

Back 86

infection; most often gonococcal

Front 87

How do adolescents prefer to be screened for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas?

Back 87

first-void urine specimens and self-collected vaginal swab specimens

Front 88

In early pregnancy the isthmus is _____ while the cervix is ______

Back 88

isthmus = soft cervix = firm

Front 89

During which month of pregnancy does increased vascularity to the cervix, vagina, and vulva give them a bluish color?

Back 89

the second month

Front 90

During the second month of pregnancy the cervix feels more like _____ and less like ______

Back 90

more like lips; less like the nose tip

Front 91

Specific and sensitive tests used to determine if a woman is pregnant?

Back 91

HCG and ultrasound

Front 92

Goodell sign?

Back 92

softening of the cervix @ 4 -6 weeks gestation

Front 93

Hegar sign?

Back 93

softening of the uterine isthmus @ 6 - 8 weeks gestation

Front 94

McDonald sign?

Back 94

fundus flexes easily on cervix @ 7 -8 weeks gestation

Front 95

Braun von Fernwald sign?

Back 95

Fullness and softening of the fundus near the site of implantation @ 7 - 8 weeks

Front 96

Piskcek sign?

Back 96

Palpable lateral bulge or soft prominence of one uterine cornu @ 7 - 8 weeks

Front 97

Chadwick sign?

Back 97

Bluish color of the cervix, vagina, and vulva @ 8 - 12 weeks gestation

Front 98

Pelvic type that has a shallow depth?

Back 98

Platypelloid

Front 99

Pelvic type with a narrow subpubic arch, with convergent side walls?

Back 99

Android

Front 100

Pelvic type with convergent side walls?

Back 100

Android

Front 101

Pelvic type with a moderate depth and straight side walls?

Back 101

Gynecoid

Front 102

Pelvic type with a wide subpubic arch and deep, curved sacrum?

Back 102

Gynecoid

Front 103

How would you measure the diagonal conjugate? Expected measurement?

Back 103

From symphysis pubis (inferior border) to the sacral promontory. Insert fingers until the tips reach the sacral promontory. Usually 12.5 to 13 cm

Front 104

Most important clinical measurement for estimating AP diameter of pelvic inlet?

Back 104

diagonal conjugate

Front 105

AP diameter of pelvic inlet obtained only by x-ray techniques?

Back 105

obstetric conjugate

Front 106

How do you estimate obstetric conjugate?

Back 106

diagonal conjugate minus 1.5 - 2 cm

Front 107

Expected measurement of the biischial diameter?

Back 107

> 8 cm

Front 108

How is pelvic outlet measured?

Back 108

From the interior border of one ischial tuberosity to the other

Front 109

Uterine length for six weeks gestation?

Back 109

7.3 to 9.1 cm

Front 110

Uterine length for eight weeks gestation?

Back 110

8.8 to 10.8 cm

Front 111

Uterine length for ten weeks gestation?

Back 111

10.2 to 12.5 cm

Front 112

Uterine length for twelve weeks gestation?

Back 112

11.7 to 14.2 cm

Front 113

Uterine length for fourteen weeks gestation?

Back 113

13.2 to 15.9 cm

Front 114

Uterine width for 6 weeks gestation?

Back 114

3.9 cm

Front 115

Uterine width for 8 weeks gestation?

Back 115

5 cm

Front 116

Uterine width for 10 weeks gestation?

Back 116

6.1 cm

Front 117

Uterine width for 12 weeks gestation?

Back 117

7.1 cm

Front 118

Uterine width for 14 weeks gestation?

Back 118

8.2 cm

Front 119

Complete dilation is considered _______ cm?

Back 119

10 cm

Front 120

Thinning of the cervix that results when myometrial activity pulls the cervix upward allowing the cervix to become part of the lower uterine segment during prelabor?

Back 120

effacement

Front 121

Shortening of the cervix noted on vaginal ultrasound midpregnancy indicates a risk for what?

Back 121

preterm delivery

Front 122

During the first 3 months of pregnancy softening of the isthmus may result in the uterus becoming more anteverted/anteflexed/retroverted/or retroflexed?

Back 122

anteflexed

Front 123

Unsymmetrical enlargement of the uterus on the side of implantation that is palpable around weeks 8 - 10?

Back 123

Piskacek sign

Front 124

What changes occur to the vagina as a woman ages?

Back 124

In introitus maybe constricted, the vagina is narrower, shorter, and rugations disappear

Front 125

Ovaries that are palpable in an older woman should be considered suspicious for what lesion?

Back 125

cancer

Front 126

Next appropriate step when you discover palpable ovaries in an older woman?

Back 126

ultrasonography to exclude cancer

Front 127

When doing a pelvic exam in the knee-chest position the speculum should be angled toward the patient's _____?

Back 127

small of the back

Front 128

A young woman comes to your office bitching about headaches, weight gain, and lack of coordination. Upon further questioning she reveals the symptoms are worst about 6 days before her menses. Dx?

Back 128

PMS

Front 129

A young woman comes to your office with complaints of irritability, nervousness, edema, and headaches about a week before her menses. DX?

Back 129

PMS

Front 130

Inability to conceive over a period of 1 year of unprotected regular intercourse.

Back 130

Infertility

Front 131

Male causes of infertility?

Back 131

insufficient, nonmotile, or immature sperm. Ductal obstruction of sperm.

Front 132

A young woman comes to your office with complaints of pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and heavy menstrual flow. On bimanual exam you note tender nodules along the uterosacral ligaments. Dx?

Back 132

Endometriosis

Front 133

An adolescent comes in with complaints of pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. When asked if the pelvic pain coincides with her menstrual cycle she says "no". Can you rule out endometriosis based on her history?

Back 133

No, you cannot

Front 134

A young woman comes to your office. She states she has bumps around her genitals. She describes them as cauliflower-like masses. Dx?

Back 134

HPV

Front 135

On exam a woman has several flesh-colored, pink, discrete, soft growths around the introitus of her vagina, on her labia majora and minora. Dx?

Back 135

Condyloma Acuminatum

Front 136

Molluscum Contagiosum is caused by which type of virus?

Back 136

a poxvirus

Front 137

A young woman comes in with flesh colored, dome shaped round papules around the introitus of her vagina. On exam you notice a central umbilication on a set of these lesions and express a thick creamy core. What is the incubation period for this disease?

Back 137

2 - 7 weeks

Front 138

A young woman comes in with flesh colored, dome shaped round papules around the introitus of her vagina. On exam you notice a central umbilication on a set of these lesions and express a thick creamy core. Microscope exam of stained material from core will reveal?

Back 138

molluscum bodies within the epithelial cell.

Front 139

A woman comes in with flat, round, papules covered by a gray exudate on her labia. These lesions typically occur how long after the primary infection?

Back 139

6 - 12 weeks after syphilis infection

Front 140

A woman with flat oval papules covered with a gray exudate on her labia asks you what is causing these lesions. You answer?

Back 140

syphilis

Front 141

A woman with flat oval papules covered with a gray exudate on her labia comes to your office. You recognize these signs as which stage of syphilis?

Back 141

secondary syphilis

Front 142

A woman comes in to your office for a routine pelvic exam. You notice a firm painless ulcer just on the inside of her labia minor. Dx?

Back 142

primary syphilis

Front 143

A college students comes to the health center with complaints of itching around her genitals. On exam you notice small red vesicles. What has caused these lesions?

Back 143

Herpes

Front 144

Patient has a hot, red, tender, swollen Bartholin gland. What is a common cause of inflamed Bartholin glands?

Back 144

Gonococcal infection.

Front 145

On pelvic exam you notice a woman has a mass protruding through the anterior wall of her vagina. This is most likely a ?

Back 145

cystocele

Front 146

On pelvic exam you notice a woman has a mass protruding through the posterior wall of her vagina. This is most likely a ?

Back 146

rectocele

Front 147

A woman comes to your office because her husband noticed an ulcerated mass on her vulva. You do a biopsy of the mass and it turns out to be cancer. What was this woman most likely exposed to in utero?

Back 147

DES

Front 148

A woman comes in for a pelvic exam because she has had an unusual vaginal discharge. She gives you a history that includes spotting, vaginal pain, and a noticeable change in her urinary habits. What was this woman most likely exposed to in utero?

Back 148

DES

Front 149

During a pelvic exam you notice a bright red polypoid growth that protrudes from the urethral meatus. On further questioning the woman has no symptoms related to this mass. Dx?

Back 149

Urethral Caruncle

Front 150

Woman 55 y/o, presents with history of dyspareunia and vaginal dryness. A wet mount reveals folded clumped epithelial cells. Dx?

Back 150

Atrophic vaginitis

Front 151

A woman presents with increase in vaginal discharge. Physical findings include a clear discharge with a pH of 4.3. A wet mount reveals 4 WBCs and epithelial cells. Dx?

Back 151

Physiologic vaginitis

Front 152

A woman presents with a complaint of a vaginal discharge with a fishy odor. On exam discharge is gray with a pH of 4.2. +KOH whiff test. Wet mount is likely to reveal what?

Back 152

clue cells (Garnerella vaginalis)

Front 153

A woman comes in with complaints of a pruritic vaginal discharge with itching extending from her labia to her thighs. Physical reveals a white curdy discharge with a pH of 4.7. KOH prep is likely to reveal what?

Back 153

mycelia, budding, branching yeast with pseudohypha

Front 154

A woman presents with a watery vaginal discharge that has a foul odor. On exam you notice a frothy greenish discharge with a pH of 6.0. Wet mount reveals pair shaped protozoa that are motile. What other physical finding is consistent with the proper diagnoses?

Back 154

red friable cervix with petechia "strawberry" cervix (trichomonas vaginalis)

Front 155

A woman presents with a purulent discharge from her cervix and Bartholin gland inflammation. What are 3 appropriate diagnostic tests that would reveal the presence of the causative pathogen?

Back 155

Gram stain, Culture, DNA probe (Neisseria gonorrhea)

Front 156

A woman comes in complaining of spotting after intercourse. On exam you see no discharge and the cervix looks unremarkable. A DNA probe is likely to be positive for which organism?

Back 156

Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 157

A woman in for her yearly gyn exam has a foul smelling erythematous vagina. pH of vaginal discharge is 4.1. A wet mount reveals WBCs. This woman is most likely to give you a history involving what?

Back 157

New bubble bath, soap, douche, or other hygiene product

Front 158

A woman comes to your office with complaints of a red and swollen vulva. She noticed a change in her vaginal discharge. She is sexually active and always practices safe sex with her male partner. They use male condoms. On exam you notice a foul smelling discharge. You retrieve a condom from her vagina. Wet mount is most likely to have revealed what?

Back 158

WBCs

Front 159

During the speculum portion of a pelvic exam on a 35 year old female you notice bright red, soft masses on her cervix. These lesions are most likely?

Back 159

Cervical polyps

Front 160

On exam you notice the surface of a young woman's cervix appears granular. What test maybe used to confirm your suspicion of a precancerous lesion?

Back 160

Pap smear

Front 161

Columnar epithelium from the cervical canal that appears as shiny red tissue around the os that bleeds easily. A pap smear reveals no cancerous or precancerous cells. Dx?

Back 161

Ectropion

Front 162

Weakness of the supporting structures of the pelvic floor causes the uterus to become progressively _______?

Back 162

retroverted

Front 163

first degree prolapse?

Back 163

cervix remains within the vagina

Front 164

second degree prolapse?

Back 164

cervix is at the introitus

Front 165

3rd degree prolapse?

Back 165

cervix and vagina drop outside the introitus

Front 166

Excessive bleeding during a menstrual period of usual duration

Back 166

hypermenorrhea

Front 167

Excessive bleeding during a menstrual period that is longer in duration than usual

Back 167

menorrhagia

Front 168

Menstrual bleeding at irregular intervals, sometimes prolonged, but of expected amount

Back 168

metrorrhagia

Front 169

Decreased menstrual flow

Back 169

hypomenorrhea

Front 170

Abnormal uterine bleeding not associated with tumor, inflammation, pregnancy, trauma or hormonal imbalance

Back 170

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Front 171

Increased frequency of menstruation not consistently associated with ovulation

Back 171

polymenorrhea

Front 172

menstrual bleeding occurring 1 year or more after menopause

Back 172

postmenopausal bleeding

Front 173

What causes midcycle spotting?

Back 173

midcycle estradiol fluctuation associated with ovulation

Front 174

What are causes of delayed menstruation?

Back 174

anovulation or threatened abortion with excessive bleeding

Front 175

Chronic PID, endometriosis, DUB, and anovulation all may cause ?

Back 175

frequent uterine bleeding

Front 176

Postmenopausal bleeding should be investigated to rule in or out what three causes?

Back 176

endometrial hyperplasia, estrogen therapy, endometrial cancer

Front 177

During a bimanual pelvic exam you notice firm, irregular nodules in the contour of the uterus. Further investigation reveals these are benign uterine tumors. Dx?

Back 177

Myomas (leiomyomas, fibroids)

Front 178

A 65 year old postmenopausal woman on tamoxifen comes in with complaints of vaginal bleeding. A biopsy reveals a cancer of the glandular cells found in the lining of the uterus. Dx?

Back 178

Endometrial carcinoma.

Front 179

A young woman comes in with rigidity of the lower abdomen, and tachycardia. On laparotomy you notice a smooth compressible mass that has ruptured. HCG test is negative. Dx?

Back 179

ruptured ovarian cyst

Front 180

Ovarian tumors feel _____ and ______ Cysts feel _______

Back 180

ovarian tumors feel solid and nodular. Cysts feel smooth

Front 181

A 34 year old woman comes in for her pelvic exam. She took an at home pregnancy test that was positive. On exam you note a unilateral adnexal mass on the right. She complains of severe tenderness at that same site. Dx?

Back 181

tubal pregnancy

Front 182

A 28 year old woman comes in for a pelvic exam. During the exam you note tender, bilateral adnexal areas. The patient cannot tolerate the bimanual exam. Dx?

Back 182

Acute PID

Front 183

A 25 year old woman comes to your office saying she has not been able to get pregnant with her husband for the last year. On pelvic exam you note bilateral, tender, irregular, and fixed adnexal areas. Dx?

Back 183

Chronic PID

Front 184

During the exam of a female infant you notice small midline lower abdominal mass. The hymen is intact. Dx?

Back 184

Hydrocolpos

Front 185

A mother brings in her female child for an exam because her daughter complained of a vaginal discharge. On exam you note warm, erythematous, and swollen vulvar tissues. Dx?

Back 185

Vulvovaginitis

Front 186

A pregnant woman complains of the passage of fluid from the vagina. The fluid is collected for testing with Nitrazine paper. The paper turns blue green when the fluid is placed on it. Dx?

Back 186

premature rupture of membranes

Front 187

In a woman that has experienced premature rupture of membranes, what will the ultrasound show?

Back 187

decreased or absent amniotic fluid

Front 188

Atrophy of the vagina in older adults is caused by lack of what?

Back 188

estrogen