Female Genital Path

Front 1

Early in sex differentiation, the embryo has a double set of ducts, what are these ducts called?

Back 1

Mullerian or paramesonephric ducts
Wolffian or mesonephric ducts

Front 2

___________ ducts which are female precursors give rise to the anterior vagina, cervix, uterine body & uterine horns.

Back 2

Mullerian or paramesonephric ducts

Front 3

_____________ are male precursors that give rise to the epididymus, ductus deferens, ampulla & seminal vesicle

Back 3

Wolffian or mesonephric ducts

Front 4

________ differentiate early & _______ late in embryonic development.

Back 4

males, females

Front 5

Fetal testes actively secrete two hormones, what are they & where are they secreted?

Back 5

Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF) from Sertoli cells & testosterone from Leydig cells

Front 6

_________ causes regression of Mullerian ducts in the male fetus.

Back 6

Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF) from Sertoli cells

Front 7

_________ stimulates development of the Wolffian ducts.

Back 7

testosterone from Leydig cells

Front 8

What gene encodes for the production of the testis-determining factor (TDF) & differentation of a gonad to a testis?

Back 8

Sry gene

Front 9

What happens if the Sry gene is absent?

Back 9

The embryonic gonad differentiates into an ovary

Front 10

In the normal female, if there is no Y chromosome, there is no ________.

Back 10

Sry gene

Front 11

In the normal ________, the Wolffian ducts regress & the Mullerian ducts persist.

Back 11

female

Front 12

If the Wolffian ducts regress & the Mullerian ducts persist then __________ occurs.

Back 12

The undifferentiated gonad develops into an ovary

Front 13

If there is no MIF in the female then what would develop?

Back 13

paramesonephric ducts

Front 14

If there is no testosterone in the female then what would would regress?

Back 14

Wolffian ducts

Front 15

_________ is junction between anterior & caudal vagina.

Back 15

Hyman

Front 16

How does the differentated gonad develop in the female & male?

Back 16

F- ovary from cortex
M- testis from medulla (sry gene)

Front 17

How does the Mullerian duct develop in the female & male?

Back 17

F- oviduct, uterus, cervix, anterior vagina
M- Regression

Front 18

How does the Wolffian duct develop in the female & male?

Back 18

F- regression
M- epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, cowper's glands

Front 19

How does the genital tubercle develop in the female & male?

Back 19

F- clitoris
M- penis

Front 20

How do the genital folds develop in the female & male?

Back 20

F- vulva
M- prepuce

Front 21

How do the genital swellings develop in the female & male?

Back 21

F- vulva
M- scrotum

Front 22

What are Gartner's cysts?

Back 22

reminants of the Wolfian ducts on the floor of the vagina

Front 23

In the female, the _________ degenerate, while the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes and uterus.

Back 23

mesonephric ducts

Front 24

The tissues that form the round ligament of the uterus are analagous to ___________.

Back 24

the male gubernaculum.

Front 25

What 2 parts does the cloaca divide into?

Back 25

The cloaca is divided into the anorectal and urogenital regions as the urorectal septum contacts the cloacal membrane.

Front 26

In what week of development do the male and female external genitalia appear the same?

Back 26

8th

Front 27

In the female, the _________ remain unfused and will form the labia minora, while the ___________ become the labia majora .

Back 27

urethral folds
genital swellings

Front 28

In the male what eventually fuses to form the penile urethra?

Back 28

urethral folds

Front 29

The genital swellings (counterpart to the female labia majora) become the _______ and the genital tubercle becomes the _________.

Back 29

scrotum
glans penis

Front 30

What are 4 common examples of Portals of entry into the uterus?

Back 30

1) Ascending infection through the cervix
2) Hematogenous
3) Descending from the ovary via the uterine tube
4) Transneural with recrudescence of herpesvirus infection

Front 31

When does an Ascending infection through the cervix occur?

Back 31

At insemination
Excessive vaginal contamination due ti AI.
Postpartum and with retained fetal membranes

Front 32

When does Hematogenous occur?

Back 32

Localization in maternofetal interface

Front 33

What type of congenital anomaly is white heifer disease in shorthorn cattle?

Back 33

Segmental aplasia of the Mullerian duct system

Front 34

Describe the lesions of white heifer disease?

Back 34

The lesions may effect various portions of the paramesonephric
(Mullerian) duct system

Front 35

What disorders are seen with white muscle disease?

Back 35

segmental aplasia
mucometra
persistent hymen
doubling of tract
unilateral development
± infertility

Front 36

What are the forms of Segmental aplasia of the Mullerian duct system?

Back 36

simple: persistent hymen causing pyometra
severe: segments of vagina, cervix, uterine body & absent uterine horns

Front 37

_________ is associated with the recessive gene for white coat color in cattle (“white heifer disease”)

Back 37

Segmental aplasia

Front 38

Define the intersexes defect.

Back 38

1) ambiguous structures
2) diagnosis of sex is equivocal
3) characteristic elements of both sexes are present at the same time

Front 39

What are the abnormalities you see with intersexes?

Back 39

genetic
chromosomal
hormonal
a) inappropriate hormonal exposure
b) inappropriate response to hormones

Front 40

__________ is an example of chimerism.

Back 40

freemartin

Front 41

What presence with both ovarian and testicular tissues?

Back 41

True hermaphrodite

Front 42

Animals that are _______ or _______ for the sex chromosomes have ambiguous reproductive organs.

Back 42

chimeras or mosaic

Front 43

A Female pseudohermaphrodite may have _________.

Back 43

May have female gonadal tissue
ovaries equal gonads

Front 44

A male pseudohermaphrodite may have _________.

Back 44

male gonadal tissue (more common)
testes equal gonads
female tubular structures may appear

Front 45

Where do the cells of chimera come from?

Back 45

2 different sources- from male & female members of a set a twins (bovine freemartinism)

Front 46

The cells of a mosaic come from what source?

Back 46

The same source.

Front 47

What are the 6 types of intersexes congenital abnormalities?

Back 47

1) freemartin
2) true hermaphrodite
3) pseudohermaphrodite
4) persistant Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS)
5) XX sex reversals (goat, dogs)
6) Androgen insensitivity (testicular feminization)

Front 48

What causes a freemartin to become sterile?

Back 48

Placental anastomoses allows mixing of cell populations.
Exposure of heifer to TDF antigen suppresses development of female tract.

Front 49

In __________, 90% to 95% of female calves born co-twin to male calves

Back 49

freemartinsm

Front 50

When masculinization of the internal reproductive system occur the conditon is called __________.

Back 50

freemartinsm

Front 51

When might freemartinsm occur?

Back 51

1) when placental circulations of the fetuses fuse to from vascular anastomoses
2) exposure of female to TDF antigen suppresses the development of the female tract

Front 52

__________ has two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated in two different zygotes.

Back 52

Chimerism

Front 53

What is an example of chiserism?

Back 53

From male and female members of a set of twins (bovine freemartinism)

Front 54

_________ has two or more cell types that emerged from the same zygote

Back 54

Mosaicism

Front 55

Animals that are chimeras or mosaic for the sex chromosomes have __________ reproductive organs.

Back 55

ambiguous

Front 56

___________ are chimerics (XX + XY chromosome-containing cells) with respect to hemopoietic tissue.

Back 56

freemartins

Front 57

Freemartinism __________ the development of the female genital system.

Back 57

suppresses

Front 58

___________ allows male vestiges to develop (e.g., seminal vesicles).

Back 58

freemartinism

Front 59

What are the 3 types of chimerism?

Back 59

Blood or artificial
Transplacental
Tetragametic

Front 60

What type of chimerism is caused by the introduction of second cell line by a transfusion?

Back 60

Blood or artificial

Front 61

What type of chimerism is caused by individual cells transferring between siblings in the placenta?

Back 61

Transplacental

Front 62

What type of chimerism is caused by an individual having at least two different genotypes & both arising from an individual zygote and eventually fusing?

Back 62

Tetragametic

Front 63

Freemartinism can cause variable changes to what female sex organs?

Back 63

gonads, tubular genitalia, external genitalia

Front 64

What are some characteristics of a tubular genitalia lesion caused by freemartinism?

Back 64

1) cord-like structures
2) well-developed uterine horns
3) communication with the vagina is absent (no matter how well-developed the uterus may be)

Front 65

How does a tubular genitalia lesion effect the vagina?

Back 65

It becomes hypoplastic or
non-patent with a complete hymen.

Front 66

In _______ the seminal vesicles are prominent

Back 66

Bovine freemartin;

Front 67

How are external genitalia effected by freemartinism?

Back 67

1) vulva and vestibule are hypoplastic
2) clitoris is enlarged
3) mammary gland fails to reach normal size

Front 68

Do mammary gland reach normal size in freemartins?

Back 68

no

Front 69

In what congenital anomaly are the seminal vesicles always present?

Back 69

freemartinsm

Front 70

___________ has the presence of internal genitalia and gonadal tissue of BOTH sexes.

Back 70

True hermaphrodite

Front 71

What is a lateral hermaphrodite?

Back 71

one gonad = a testis; the other = an ovary

Front 72

What is a unilateral hermaphrodite?

Back 72

ovotestis on one side

Front 73

What is a bilateral hermaphrodite?

Back 73

ovotestis on both sides

Front 74

Many ________ have variable degrees of sexual ambiguity &
many are female in external appearance

Back 74

hermaphrodites

Front 75

What is a Pseudohermaphrodite?

Back 75

An intersex that has gonadal tissue of only ONE sex.

Front 76

What are some characteristics of Female pseudohermaphrodite?

Back 76

gonads are ovaries
accessory sex organs are predominantly male
rare in domestic animals

Front 77

What are some characteristics of male pseudohermaphrodite?

Back 77

most common in domestic animals
gonads are testicles, usually retained (cryptorchids)

Front 78

Describe the tubular component of the male pseudohermaphrodite?

Back 78

They are female & hypoplastic

Front 79

Describe the external genitalia of the male pseudohermaphrodite?

Back 79

female type with an enlarged clitoris or vestigial penile development

Front 80

What is a developmental condition observed in miniature schnauzers (autosomal recessive) & in goats (inheritance unknown)?

Back 80

Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS)

Front 81

What causes PMDS?

Back 81

Normally, in the male fetus, MIF should cause regression of the Mullerian ducts but a mutation in the MIF receptor causes persistence of the Mullerian ducts.

Front 82

Where is Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) normally found?

Back 82

in the male fetus, MIF should cause regression of the Mullerian ducts

Front 83

What causes Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS)?

Back 83

MIF should cause regression of the Mullerian ducts but a mutation in the MIF receptor: leads to the persistence of the Mullerian ducts
i.e., the Mullerian ducts fail to regress in otherwise normal males

Front 84

How are dogs effected by Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS)?

Back 84

1) They are XY or XXY
2) They have normal external genitalia & are cryptorchid (unilateral or bilateral)
3) testes are attached to cranial ends of the uterine horns
4) if one or both testicles is in the scrotum can become fertile.
5) cranial vagina and prostate often present

Front 85

What is bilateral cryptorchidism?

Back 85

This when the testes are attached to cranial ends of the uterine horns & the uterus & cranial vagina are present.

Front 86

What are some characteristics of males with PMDS?

Back 86

-may have normal testes development
but ≈ 50% are cryptorchid
-appear masculine externally
they also have a female reproductive tract with a uterus, cervix, oviducts & portion of the vagina

Front 87

How is PMDS diagnosed?

Back 87

diagnosed when symptoms related to pyometra, urinary tract infection, or prostate infection arise in the affected male

Front 88

_________ is when gonadal sex does not follow chromosomal sex.

Back 88

XX sex reversal

Front 89

Describe XX sex reversal recall.

Back 89

This is when the female role in sexual differentiation is passive
The absence of TDF causes the gonad to develop into an ovary causing male hormones to absent & female genitalia to develop.

Front 90

Describe syndromes of sex reversals in genetic females.

Back 90

1) TDF-gene is present on an X chromosome or an autosome
2) an autosomal dominant gene, Sxr, acts like a Y chromosome
3) XX individual carries the Sxr gene causing the testes and male tubular genitalia to develop.

Front 91

What breed is XX reversal most prominent in goats?

Back 91

Saanans (hornlessness)

Front 92

What breed is XX reversal most prominent in dogs?

Back 92

(American Cocker spaniel)

Front 93

__________ is a synonym of testicular feminization (TFM).

Back 93

Androgen insensitivity

Front 94

What species does androgen insensitivity occur in?

Back 94

equine, bovine, feline, human species

Front 95

What does Androgen insensitivity produce?

Back 95

a male pseudohermaphrodite

Front 96

Why is the development of the Wolffian system in a male pseudohermaphrodite with androgen insensitivity not achieved?

Back 96

This is due to defective androgen receptors.

Front 97

What are animals affected with Androgen insensitivity lacking?

Back 97

They lack Wolffian & Mullerian duct-derived tubular genitalia producing MIF which causes the regression of the Mullerian ducts.

Front 98

How are males affected with androgen insensitivty?

Back 98

They have bilateral testes (usually cryptorchid) & lack the epididymides and vasa differentia

Front 99

__________ causes no development of penis & scrotum & external genitalia are female in type.

Back 99

androgen insensitvity

Front 100

Androgen insensitvity, produces MIF which causes the regression of what?

Back 100

Mullerian ducts

Front 101

How does Androgen insensitvity affect the production of DHT (dihydroxide testosterone)?

Back 101

DTH may be produced but there are no receptors for it (or DTH may not be produced if there is 5α-reductase deficiency) causing the regression of Wolffian ducts.

Front 102

What are the characteristics of lesions in equine male pseudohermaphrodites due to androgen insensivity?

Back 102

1) normal-appearing female external genitalia
2) tubular genitalia includes a vagina that ends in a blind sac with the absence of cervix, uterus & uterine tubes
3) small testicles will appear located in the normal ovarian position

Front 103

What happens with complete loss of function of the androgen receptor due to androgen insensivity?

Back 103

males that have external female genitalia & appear as females who fail to have a normal estrus cycle

Front 104

What is seen in females that are suffering from androgen insensitivity?

Back 104

they completely lack a uterus and other components of the Mullerian ductal system

Front 105

What happens with the partial loss of function of the androgen receptor due to androgen insensivity?

Back 105

ambiguous genitalia causing the development of an abnormal scrotum with the testes appearing as swellings on either side of a vulva leading to a blind-ended vaginal tract & a poorly developed Wolffian ductal system

Front 106

_________ causes the deficiency of intracellular androgen receptors causing all cells rendered to be insensitive to androgens. (i.e., androgens are produced by testicles but target cells cannot respond)

Back 106

Tfm mutation

Front 107

What mutation causes the lack of 5α-reductase that is necessary for the production of dihydroxytestosterone (DTH) from testosterone

Back 107

Tfm mutation

Front 108

What syndrome occurs in Bovine & ovine species and has Chimerism associated with twinning?

Back 108

Freemartinism

Front 109

What syndrome is common in American cocker spaniels & includes an Autosomal recessive inheritance?

Back 109

XX sex reversal

Front 110

What syndrome is common in Polled goats and is associated with the poll gene?

Back 110

XX sex reversal

Front 111

What syndrome is common in Canines & causes a lack of testosterone receptors?

Back 111

Male feminization syndrome

Front 112

What syndrome is common in Miniature schnauzers & causes complete internal female tubular genitalia in XY males?

Back 112

Müllerian remnant syndrome

Front 113

What syndrome occurs in all species & is considered a rare anomaly that is often missed at clinical examination?

Back 113

Segmental aplasia

Front 114

What common syndrome of abnormal sexual development is common in all species but occurs mostly in males?

Back 114

Gonadal hypoplasia