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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 types of estrogen? |
1. Estrone - strongest at menopause and produced by fat and ovaries 2. Estradiol - strongest form* - comes on in reproductive stage - produced by follicles and corpus luteum 3. Estriol - during pregnancy by the placenta. |
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Function of Progesterone |
- peaks in the luteal phase - released by the corpus luteum and fetus. - It prepares the body for pregnancy and fertilization. - Stimulates the development of breast alveoli and stops the contraction of the uterus. |
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Justisse method |
Signs of fertilization: Cervical mucus secretion, basal body temperature and how often cycles are happening (position of the cervix) |
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Majority of tumors occur where in the breast? |
Tail of spence |
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When is it the best time to do a breast exam? |
between days 4 - 7 of your period. |
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Simple breast cyst |
non-cancerous, fluid filled sac |
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Fibroadenoma |
a solid mass - non-cancerous |
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Fibrocystic breast disease |
multiple mobile benign lumps that can change during your period |
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Usual hyperplasia of the breast |
non-cancerous ductal cells - can increase chance of women developing breast cancer later in life** |
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What is puberty? and what are the outward signs? |
Puberty - the point to where the ovary develops for the possibility of reproduction and it begins in the HYPOTHALAMUS. outward signs = breast enlargement, mons pubis, engorgement of breast tissue. |
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Phase 1 of puberty |
Thelarche - preceded menarche about 2-3 years - breast budding - vaginal thickening - change of internal organs, fat - pelvis widening - puberty begins in the hypothalamus - ant pituitary - stimulates gonadotropins |
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Phase 2 of puberty |
Adrenarche - depends on when breast develops - can sometimes happen before breast budding - but unusual - pubic hair, axillary hair from increased androgens |
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Phase 3 of puberty |
Menarche -2-3 years after puberty (usually begins 11-14yoa) - does NOT mean ovulation has begun - usually irregular at first and will begin to mature fully 10-12 years after menses. |
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What happens in the menstrual cycle at the cellular level? |
- hypothalamus releases GnRh which stimulates release of LH and FSH. - one follicle begins to develop and then a bunch develop and die which increases androgens which may be the cause for increased libido. - 14-16 day there is a spike in LH, follicle ruptures and ovulation occurs. |
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What is responsible for the production of progesterone and estrogen? |
Corpus luteum *when this regresses there is no hormonal support and P and E decreases --> resulting in menstration |
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Progesterone |
peaks in the luteal phase - prepares body for pregnancy and decreases contraction of the uterus and fallopian tubes |
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The hormone responsible for follicular rupture and ovulation |
LH |
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PCOS |
- overproduction of androgens --> hirsutuism, acne, anovulation, infertility. - get accumulation of unruptures follicles --> cysts on the ovaries - one of the leading causes of infertility |
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Endometriosis |
endometrial tissue is deposited in unusual areas 1. retrograde flow 2. embryonic seeding pain during and before period, sex, sacrum, infertility, diarrhea. |
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Cervical dysplasia (CIN) |
caused by HPV, no symptoms, Abnormal cells develop in the cervix smoking and having sex early are predisposers |
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with PCOS myocardial infarciton is ___x greater |
7x greater |
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when are estrogen levels the highest? |
during perimenopause |
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As Inhibin decreases.... |
FSH INCREASES --> estrogen then increases starts the process of hormonal imbalance. |
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Premarin |
Pregnant Mares Urine - usually combined with progestin - found that it didn't lead to an increase in CV disease or mortality. |
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LBP vs PGP % prevalance |
LBP 50% of women PGP 20% of women |
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What the likelihood of pregnant women developing LBP based on L or R glut med weakness |
8X more likely if L sided glut med weakness 6X more likely if R sided glut med weakness weakness may contribute to poor lumbar stabilization and pain |
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Abnormal levels of AFP could indicate: |
Spina bifida or down syndrome etc |
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what is the most desirable fetal position furing labor? |
Occiput Anterior |
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First stage of labour |
*Longest - when the neck of uterus opens up 3 phases: 1. Early phase - time of onset of labour and dilation to 3cm 2. Active phase - 3cm - 7cm (epidural usually given now) 3. Transition phase - 7cm - 10cm - long and strong contractions |
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Second stage of labour |
*pushing the baby out crowning = seeing the babies head and it doesnt go back in "ring of fire" - can tear if you keep pushing at this point |
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Third stage of labour |
*shortest releasing the placenta takes about 5 - 30 minutes. baby goes through movements: Internal rotation - baby turns head to occiput anterior Crowning - said before Restitution - external rotation of shoulder from A-P, posterior shoulder comes out first. |
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Genetic testing in 1st trimester |
US for fetal nuchal translucency (NT) 2 maternal blood tests (PAPP-A and hCG) |
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Genetic testing in 2nd trimester |
Quad test AFP hCG Estriol Inhibin FALSE POSITIVES |
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Mask of pregnancy |
skin darkens in the cheeks, forehead, nose, upper lip in the SECOND trimester* |
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Placental abruption symptoms |
*Back pain *rapid uterine contractions vaginal bleeding (not all the time) abdominal pain uterine tenderness |
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Intramural fibroid |
gorws inside the uterus |
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Submucosal fibroid |
grows underneath the uterus *can get heavy bleeding |
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Subserosal fibroid |
grows on the outside wall of the uterus *can be painful |
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Dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
*M/C gyno condition 1. Anovulatory - disruption in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis 2. Ovulatory - prostoglandin is involved *women will lose 3x more blood than normal |
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High fat and low fiber results in.... |
high fat --> more estrogen production low fiber --> less estrogen excretion |
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At what age does Adrenarche and Menarche usually begin? |
Adrenarche - 9-11 years old Menarche - 11-14 years old. |
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Follicular phase: |
The endometrium thickens and when the corpus luteum regresses you get a decrease in progesterone and estrogen = menstruation |
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Positive feedback |
LOW estrogen signals hypothalamus to release GnRh and then signals ant. pit to release LH and FSH |
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Negative feedback |
HIGH levels of estrogen decrease FSH and then this cascade will turn to increase LH receptors so you get an increase in LH which then increases progesterone and when there is a lot of progesterone it decreases LH. |
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what hormone peaks in the luteal phase? |
Progesterone |
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As inibin decreases |
FSH increases |
