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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Site of egg production
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ovaries
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Site of estrogen and progesterone production
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Ovaries
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Site of fertilization
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Oviducts/fallopian tubes/uterine tubes
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Site of egg/embryo transport toward uterus
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oviducts/fallopian tubes/uterine tubes
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Site of implantation and development of embryo/fetus
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Uterus
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Tubular organ that receives sperm
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Vagina
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External genitals
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vulva
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Produce milk
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mammory glands
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Anchors ovary medially to uterus
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ovarian ligament
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Anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
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suspensory ligament
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How long is ovarian cycle?
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28 days
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What stimulates ovarian follicles at beginning of cycle
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FSH secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary
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What hormone: develops and maintains female's reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics; stimulates breast deveopment, protein anabolism; and protects against atherosclerosis and osteoporosis
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Estrogen
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At what point do levels of FSH and LH sharply increase
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Midway through cycle (day 14)
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What do increases in FSH and LH trigger
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Release of egg
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What is the term for the release of secondary oocyte from a Graafian follicle
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Ovulation
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What does ruptured follicle develop into
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Corpus luteum under influence of LH
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What does corpus luteum secrete and what does this do
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Estrogen and progesterone; causes endometrium to thicken
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What causes onset of mentrual flow
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Corpus luteum degenerates and levels of estrogens and progesterone drop
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What sweeps egg toward uterus within oviducts
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Peristalsis and cilia lining of epithelia
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How long is oviduct
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4 inches
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Where does fertilization actually occur
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Upper one-third portion of oviduct
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Where does embryo implant itself
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Endometrium of uterus
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What vessel within the placenta supplies the fetus with nutrients
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Umbilical vein
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What vessel within the placenta rids the fetus of wastes
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Umbilical arteries
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What is the term for giving birth
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Parturition
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Contraction of what layer of the uterus forces the fetus out through the cervix and vagina
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Myometrium
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What is the term for the first menstrual period
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menarche
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What is the term for the last menstrual period
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menopause
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What conditions may interrupt a menstrual period
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illness, stress, starvation, pregnancy
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What part is referred to as the birth canal
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Vagina
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What is secreted by the vagina to kill bacteria and sometimes kill sperm
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Acids
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What partially covers orifice of vagina in virgins
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hymen
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What is the raised area of adipose tissue over symphysis pubis covered in pubic hair
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mons pubis
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What are two longitudinal folds that extend inferiorly from mons pubis and are the same as the scrotum in the male
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Labia majora
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What are two folds of skin medial to labia majora
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Labia minora
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What is the central area bounded by labia minora that includes the hymen, vaginal orifice, and urethral opening
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Vestibule
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What is the female erectile tissue and site of sexual arousal anterior to urethral opening (same as penis in males)
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Clitoris
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Mammory glands are known as modified ____ glands
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Sweat
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What two kinds of tissue do mammory glands contain
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adipose and glandular
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Name some secondary sex characteristics
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Growth of breasts, increased subcutaneous fat, widening and lightening of pelvis, growth of axillary and pubic hair
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Activity of what glands lubricates vestibule and facilitates entry of penis into vagina during intercourse
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vestibular glands
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What is accompanied by muscle tension, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmical contraction of uterus
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orgasm
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Do females have a refractory period after orgasm?
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no
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Is orgasm necessary for conception
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no
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What must be done if hymen is tough and has no opening
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must be opened surgically
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About how many sperm actually reach the egg
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one hundred
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What are the names of the layers of follicular cells that surround the secondary oocyte
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Zona pellucida and corona radiata
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What triggers the second meiotic division of the egg
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When the sperm enters the egg
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What results from the nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the ovum fusing
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a zygote
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A zygote has 23 pairs of chromosomes which makes it a ___ cell.
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Diploid
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When does fertilization usually take place
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Within 24 hours of ovulation
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When does the zygote begin to mitotically divide
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24 hours after fertilization
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3 days after fertilization, the embryo is a solid mass of undifferentiated cells known as what?
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Morula
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4 days after fertilization, the embryo is a hollow ball of cells known as a _____
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Blastocyst
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When does the blastocyst embed itself in the endometrium of the uterus
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7 days after fertilization
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Within the blastocyst is an inner mass of cells, what does this become?
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The main body of the embryo
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What develops if 2 or more eggs are ovulated simultaneously and fertlized by separate sperm?
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Fraternal twins
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What develops if an embryo splits into 2 or more masses and which begin to develop separately
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Identical twins
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During which week do the embyronic cells begin to secrete HCG
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Second week
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What hormone maintains the corpus luteum? What produces this hormone
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HCG produced by embryonic cells in the 2nd week and later by the placenta
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During which week does the extra-embryonic membrane and primary germ layers develop?
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Third week
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At which point is the embryo known as an embryonic disc or gastrula?
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Third week
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What is an extra-embronic membrane that is a fluid filled sac surrounding the embryo to protect it from shock?
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Amnion
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What is the outermost extra-embryonic membrane that fuses with the uterine tissue to form the placenta?
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Chorion
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What is the site of nutrient and waste exchange between maternal and embryonic blood?
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Placenta formed by the chorion
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What is the extra-embronic membrane that forms part of the gut and produces the earliest blood cells?
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Yolk sac
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Name the 3 primary germ tissues.
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Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
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What primary germ tissue gives rise to the nervous system and the skin
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Ectoderm
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What primary germ tissue becomes the inner lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
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Endoderm
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What primary germ tissue becomes muscles, skeleton, and circulatory systems?
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Mesoderm
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During which weeks does the 4th extra-embryonic membrane and the circulatory and nervous system develop?
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4th week
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What extra-embryonic membrane develops in the umbilical cord region and gives rise to the umbilical cord and urinary bladder
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Allantois
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When does the heart begin pumping blood?
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3 1/2 weeks
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During which week do the head, arms, and legs and chordate characteristics begin to appear?
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5th week
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Notochord, gill pouches, tail, and dorsal hollow nerve cord are ________ characteristics.
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Chordate
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At what time during gestation are all organ systems developed?
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6-8 weeks
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At what point does an embryo look clearly human?
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8 weeks
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At what point to we begin calling an embryo a fetus?
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8 weeks
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At what point does the liver begin to form red blood cells, ossification (as hyaline) begins, muscle contractions occur, and the head is nearly as large as the body?
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6-8 weeks
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What is the length and weight of the fetus at 8 weeks?
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1.2 inches; 0.03 ounces
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At what point during gestation does the body begin to elongate, blood cell formation begins in the red bone marrow, and the notochord degenerates?
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Third month
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What is the length of the fetus at the end of the third month?
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90 mm
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At what point during gestation does the cerebellum become prominent, eyes begin to blink, sucking motions of lips occur, face looks human, body begins to outgrow head, and the sex may be determined?
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Fourth month
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If the chromosomes are XY what is the sex of the fetus? What hormone is produced
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Male, testosterone
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If the chromosomes are XX what is the sex of the fetus? What hormone is produced?
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Female, estrogen
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What is the length of the fetus at the end of the fourth month?
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140 mm
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At which point during gestation does the vernix caseosa and lanuga form and kicking movements may be felt?
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Fifth month
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What is the vernix caseosa?
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White greasy substance that covers body of fetus
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What is the lanugo?
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Silk like hair that covers body of fetus
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What is the length of the fetus at the end of the fifth month?
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190 mm
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During which period of gestation is there rapid weight gain, eyes are open, bone marrow becomes sole site of blood cell formation, and in males testes reach the scrotum?
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Sixth and Seventh month
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When is the earliest prematurely born babies may survive?
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27-28 weeks
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What is the length of the fetus at the end of the seventh month?
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280 mm
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What primarly happens developmentally with the fetus during the eighth and ninth months
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Rapid growth
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What is the length and weight of the fetus at the end of the ninth month?
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350-400mm (14-16 inches);
6-10 pounds |
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what happens when it is time to give birth?
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Cervix dilates, amnion ruptures, symphysis pubis relaxes, and uterine muscles contract
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What is the term for a child that comes out bottom first?
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Breech birth
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What is the term for when the placenta is discharged by uterine contractions after the child is born?
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Afterbirth
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Who is the Austrian monk who brought an experimental and quantitative approach to genetics?
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Gregor Mendel
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Who is the father of modern genetics?
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Gregor Mendel
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What was Mendel working with in the 1860s when he discovered the basic principles of heredity?
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Garden pea plants
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Which of Mendel's principles states that the 2 alleles (genes) for a characteristic are packaged into separate gametes?
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Law of segregation
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Which of Mendel's principles states that each pair of alleles segregates into gametes independent of other pairs of alleles?
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Law of independent assortment
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Mendel was credited with the ___ ____: parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes) that retain their separate identies in offspring
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Gene idea
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What is the branch of biology that studies genes and heredity?
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Genetics
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What is the passing of traits from parents to offspring?
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Heredity
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What is a segment of DNA molecules that has the instruction for synthesizing a specific protein?
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Gene
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Genes usually work in pairs. One gene or ____ occupies a certain location or _____ on a chromosome and the other allele of the pair is found on the other homologue at the same location.
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Allele; locus
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What is a DNA molecule with is associated proteins or histones?
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Chromosome
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What term refers to all of the genes of an organism?
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Genome
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The human genome consists of how many genes and how many chromosomes?
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30,000 genes and 46 chromosomes
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What is a photograph of all the chromosomes of a person's cell?
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Karyotype
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What is a non-sex chromosome?
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Autosome
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How many autosomes are in a human cell
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22 pairs
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What is the term refering to the X and Y chromosomes?
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Sex chromosomes
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What are genes that are not expressed unless both genes of the pair are recessive?
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Recessive Alleles
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What are genes that mask or over-ride recessive genes
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Dominant Alleles
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What is the term for the gene types for a certain trait (for example bb for blue eyes)?
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Genotype
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What is the term for both genes or alleles of a pair are identical?
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Homozygous genotype
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What is the term for one gene or allele is dominant and the other is recessive in a pair?
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Heterozygous genotype
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What is the term for the actual physical trait caused by the genes?
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Phenotype
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What is the term for when two genes of a pair are both expressed equally?
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Codominance
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What is the term for when one gene is partly dominant over another gene giving a blending effect?
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Incomplete dominance
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What is the term for when more than two genes govern a trait?
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Multiple alleles
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What are genes found on sex chromosomes called?
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sex-linked genes
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What is a cross in which both parents have the same heterozygous trait?
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Monohybrid cross
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What is the phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?
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3:1
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What is a cross involving two heterozygous traits?
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Dihybrid cross
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What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross?
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9:3:3:1
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What phenotypes and genotypes result from a cross between a tall pea plant (TT) and a heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt)?
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Phenotypes: all tall
Genotypes: TT, TT, Tt, Tt |
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What phenotypes and genotypes result from a cross between heterozygous tall plant and homozygous short plant?
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Tt x tt
Phenotypes: 2 tall, 2 short Genotypes: Tt, Tt, tt, tt |
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What genotypes and phenotypes result from a father with heterozygous widow's peak and a mother with heterozygous widow's peak?
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Ww x Ww
Phenotypes:3 widows peak, 1 continuous hair line Genotype: 1WW, 2 Ww, 1ww |
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Cross a father with Widow's peak (Ww) and short fingers (Ss) with a mother with widow's pwak (Ww)and short fingers (Ss).
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Results: WWSS, WWSs, WwSS, WwSs, WWSs, WWss, WwSs, Wwss, WwSS, WwSs, wwSs, wwSs, WwSs, Wwss, wwSs, wwss
Phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1 |
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Cross a father with the sex-linked trait color blindness with a mother who is a carrier for color blindness.
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X(c)Y x X(C)X(c)
2 boys, one color blind, one normal 2 girls, one color blind, one normal |
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If you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon what will the offspring look like?
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Pink
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Snapdragons demonstrate a blending effect with dominance known as ______
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incomplete dominance
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Give an example of a trait governed by multiple alleles.
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Blood type
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Which blood type is recessive?
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Type O
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Which blood type exhibits codominance, in which two alleles are equally dominant?
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Type AB
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What is a disease in which people have abnormal shaped hemoglobin and sickle-shaped blood cells that do not transport blood well and tend to clump and clog vessels?
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Sickle-cell anemia
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Is sickle-cell anemia a dominant or recessive trait?
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Recessive:
H(N)= normal H(S)= sickle-cell (Recessive trait) |
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One out of every ___ African Americans has sickle-cell anemia. One out of every __ is a heterozygote or carrier for sickle cell anemia
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400, 10
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People who are carriers for sickle cell anemia are resistant to what disease?
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Malaria
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Is cystic fibrosis a recessive or dominant trait?
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Recessive:
C= normal c= cystic fibrosis (recessive) |
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What is the most common lethal disease in the US?
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Cystic fibrosis
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What is the life expectancy for someone with cystic fibrosis?
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27
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What is a disease in which excessive mucous secretions are produced and the infected are prone to getting pneumonia and other infections?
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Cystic fibrosis
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Is Huntington's Disease a recessive or dominant trait?
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Dominant:
H= Huntington's disease h= normal (recessive) |
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On which chromosome is the Huntington's disease gene located?
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Chromosome number 4
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What is a rare degenerative disease of the nervous system that strikes in a person's 40s?
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Huntington's disease
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Why hasn't natural selection eliminated the Huntington's disease gene from human population?
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Because it strikes late in life after the usual reproductive years and all genetic material has been passed on
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Why is it not a good idea for close relatives to marry and have children?
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Individuals who are closely related are more likely to have the same alleles for genetic disorders
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What is the term for abnormal chromosomal number
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Aneuploidy
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What causes chromosomal abnormalities, extra chromosomes, or chromosome deficiencies?
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Nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis
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What happens to most embyros with chromosomal abnormalities?
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They spontaneously abort
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What autosomal disease is marked by trisomy 21?
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Down syndrome
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How many births have down syndrome?
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1 in 800
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What disease is characterized by a wide, round face, narrow and slanting eyes, mental retardation, and enlarged tongue?
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Down syndrome
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What autosomal disease is marked by trisomy 18?
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Edward syndrome
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How many births have Edward syndrome
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l in 6000
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What is the disease in which there are heart and nervous system defects and life expectancy is less than one year?
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Edward syndrome
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What disease is marked by XYY?
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Jacob Syndrome
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What disease affects males and gives them characteristics of acne, tall, and barely normal intelligence?
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Jacob syndrome
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How many births have Jacob Syndrome?
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1 in 1000
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What disease is marked by XO?
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Turner Syndrome
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What disease affects females and gives them characteristics like a broad chest, no breast development, infertility, small and nonfunctional female reproductive organs, and normal intelligence?
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Turner syndrome
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How many births are affected by Turner syndrome?
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1 in 6000
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What disease is marked by XXY?
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Klinefelter syndrome
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What disease affects males and gives them characteristics of underdeveloped testes and prostate gland, some breast development, very long arms and legs, slow learning ability, and sterility?
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Klinefelter syndrome
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How many births are affected by Klinefelter syndrome?
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1 in 1500
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What condition is marked by XXX?
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Triplo-X
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What condition affects females, has no apparent physical abnormalities, and gives them an extra X chromosome?
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Triplo-X
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How many births are affected by Triplo-X?
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1 in 1500
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