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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 3 disorders occur in female reproduction?
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1. Premenstrual syndrome
2. Hyperprolactinemia 3. Turner's syndrome. |
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What is PMS in general?
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a group of symptoms related to the menstrual cycle.
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How is PMS classified?
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based on the severity of symptoms:
-Premenstrual tension (light) -PMS -PMDysphoric Disorder (worst) |
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What is "hyperprolactinemia"?
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a tumor of the pituitary lactotrophs - causes increased prolactin production!
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what is the effect of increased prolactin?
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Prl increase inhibits FSH and LH secretion; therefore no follicle development, menses, and galactose levels areweird.
-INFERTILITY. |
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What's the main problem in Turner's syndrome?
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SOME of the cells are missing or have a damaged X chromosome.
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What are the results of Turner syndrome?
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-Short
-Webbed neck -Short fingers/toes -Infertile, osteoporosis |
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How can Turner syndrome be treated?
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with growth hormone, estrogen, and progesterone treatments.
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Can a turner patient become pregnant?
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Yes - with donated oocytes!
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When do Estrogen and Progesterone effects dominate: -Proliferative phase or -Secretory Phase?
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Estrogen = proliferative
Progesterone = secretory |
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When in the menstrual cycle does body temp increase?
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during the secretory phase; when progesterone is higher.
That's how you know when to be fertilized to get pregnant. |
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How does Estrogen influence the cervical mucus?
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It makes it get increasingly watery, thin, and elastic during the proliferative phase, for maximum ease of sperm movement.
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what happens to the cervical mucus during the secretory phase?
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It becomes thick and sticky, to impede sperm movement and protect against infection
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What makes the mucus become sticky?
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Progesterone - during the secretory phase.
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When is cilia/smooth muscle most active, and why?
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During the proliferative phase; to enhance meeting of egg and sperm.
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What changes in the endometrial lining enhance the survival of an embryo?
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Glycogen vacuoles are implanted, to provide energy for the baby!
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How long can each survive:
-Sperm in uterus -Ovulated eggs When should intercourse occur? |
Sperm - 4 to 6 days
Eggs - 1 to 2 days Sex: 5 days before or 1 day after ovulation. |
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How can you detect if ovulation has occured?
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-Urinary LH levels
-Body temp -Cervix mucus characteristics (stretchable, painful) |
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How does the egg get from the ovary to the fallopian tube?
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Fimbriae sweep it up and put it in.
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Where does fertilization occur?
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IN the fallopian tube; if it waited for the egg to get to the uterus, it would die cuz it takes 4 days.
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how does sperm get into the cervix?
How does it get to fallop tube? |
by sheer force of ejaculation.
Flagella/uterine contractions |
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What has to happen to sperm before they can possibly fertilize an ova?
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Capacitation
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What is capacitation?
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increasing the motility of the sperm with bicarbonate and progesterone.
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What is the first step in the acrosome reaction of sperm w/ ova?
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Push through Cumulus and bind to receptor proteins in the zona pellucida (the protein around the oocyte).
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What happens when sperm bind the receptors in Zona pellucida?
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They release enzymes that digest their way into the zona pellucida.
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How does fertilization occur?
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All the little sperms compete but only the first one through the zona pellucida gets to enter and fertilize.
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What 2 mechanisms prevent polyspermy (more than one sperm fertilizing the egg)?
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1. The membrane potential of the oocyte changes; inhibits other bindings to the zona pellucida.
2. The egg secretes enzymes that harden and inactivate the receptors for sperm. |
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when does implantation of the fertilized ovum occur?
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six to eight days after fertilization
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how do identcal twins develop?
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if the embryo seperates into 2 independend cell masses - it should remain ONE, with divisions withinthe one cell mass.
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what is the embryo called after it travels down the fallopian tube and gets implanted in the uterus?
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blastocyst
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what does the blastocyst shed before implantation in the endometrium?
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the zona pellucida
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what provides the initial nutrition for the embryo?
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the endometrium.
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what structure provides exchange of nutritents/hormones/growth factors from mom -> baby?
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chorionic villi
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What hormones are involved in pregnancy?
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Estradiol
Progesterone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin |
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What is HCG?
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similar to LH; maintains the corpus luteum, producd by embryo/placenta.
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When in pregnancy are estrogen and progesterone released?
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only about 2 months; then corpus luteum regresses
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what secretes estradiol/progest when the corpus luteum regresses?
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the placenta.
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What hormones does the placenta produce during pregnancy?
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-Estradiol
-Progesterone -HCG -human placental lactogen |
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What is HPL?
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hormone released by placenta to stimulate breast growth
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What two hormones regulate milk production/secretion
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Oxytocin
Prolactin |
