Feldman Chap 2

Front 1

zygote

Back 1

the new cell formed by the process of fertilization

Front 2

genes

Back 2

the basic unit of genetic information

Front 3

DNA

Back 3

the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function.

Front 4

monozygotic twins

Back 4

twins who are genetically identical

Front 5

dizygotic twins

Back 5

twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time.

Front 6

dominant trait

Back 6

the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present

Front 7

recessive trait

Back 7

a trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed

Front 8

genotype

Back 8

the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visable) in an organism

Front 9

phenotype

Back 9

an observable trait

Front 10

homozygous

Back 10

Inheriting from parents similar genes for a givin trait

Front 11

heterozygous

Back 11

Inheriting from parents diffrent forms of a gene for a givin trait

Front 12

polygenic inheritance

Back 12

inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

Front 13

x-linked genes

Back 13

genes that are considered recessive and located only on the x chromosome

Front 14

behavioral genetics

Back 14

the study of thr effects of hereditary on behavior

Front 15

down syndrome

Back 15

a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. once refured to as mongolism

Front 16

fragile X syndrome

Back 16

a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the x chromosome. producing mild to moderate mental retardation

Front 17

Sickle-cell anemia

Back 17

A blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells

Front 18

Tay-sachs disease

Back 18

a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death ; there is no treatment

Front 19

Klinefelter's syndrome

Back 19

a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X Chromosome the produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts

Front 20

Genetic counseling

Back 20

the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with the issues relating to inherited disorders

Front 21

Ultrasound sonography

Back 21

a process in which high-frequency sound was scan a mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, who's size and shape can then be assessed

Front 22

Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Back 22

a test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material the surrounds the embryo

Front 23

Amnioccentesis

Back 23

the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus

Front 24

Temperament

Back 24

patterns of arousal and emotionality the represent consistent and enduring characteristics in a person

Front 25

multifactorial transmission

Back 25

the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides range within which a phenotype may be expressed

Front 26

fertilization

Back 26

the process by which sperm and an ovum- the male and female gametes, respectively- join to form a single new cell

Front 27

germinal stage

Back 27

the first-and shortest- stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks fallowing conception

Front 28

placenta

Back 28

a conduit between the mother and the fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical chord

Front 29

embryonic stage

Back 29

the period from 2-8 weeks fallowing fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems

Front 30

fetal stage

Back 30

the stage that begins at about week 8 after conception and continues till birth

Front 31

Fetus

Back 31

a developing child from 8 weeks after conception till birth

Front 32

infertility

Back 32

the inability to conceive after 12- 18 months of trying to become pregnant

Front 33

artificial insemination

Back 33

a process of fertilization in which a man's sperm is place directly into a woman's reproductive tract by a doctor

Front 34

fetal alcohol syndrome (Fas)

Back 34

a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial amounts of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child

Front 35

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

Back 35

a condition in which children display some, but not all of the problems of FAS due to the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

Front 36

neonates

Back 36

the term used for newborns

Front 37

episiotomy

Back 37

an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

Front 38

apgar scale

Back 38

a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns

Front 39

anoxla

Back 39

a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce cognitive defects

Front 40

bonding

Back 40

close physical contact and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately fallowing birth

Front 41

preterm infants

Back 41

infants who are born before 38 weeks after conception

Front 42

low-birthweight infants

Back 42

infants who weigh less then 2,500 grams ( about 5 1/2 lbs) at birth

Front 43

small-for-gestational-age infants

Back 43

infants who,because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90 percent ( or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age

Front 44

Very-low-birthweight infants

Back 44

infants who weigh less then 1,250 grams ( about 2.25 lbs) at birth, or regardless of weight have been in the womb less then 30 weeks

Front 45

postmature infants

Back 45

infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date

Front 46

cecarean delivery

Back 46

a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling though the birth canal

Front 47

fetal monitor

Back 47

a device used to measure the baby's heartbeat during labor

Front 48

stillbirth

Back 48

the delivery of a child who is not alive. occurring fewer than 1 delivery in 100

Front 49

infant mortality

Back 49

death within the first year of life

Front 50

reflexes

Back 50

Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

Front 51

classical conditioning

Back 51

a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimuli that normally does not bring about that type of response

Front 52

operant conditioning

Back 52

a form of learning where a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on its association with positive of negative consequenses

Front 53

Habituation

Back 53

the decrease in response to stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

Front 54

states of arousal

Back 54

different degrees of sleep, and wakefulness though which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation