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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cereal grain crude protein |
- 10-15% - 95% of CP if TP - wheat is highest (15%) - corn is lowest (10%) - BV: medium |
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cereal grain limiting amino acids |
- lysine 3-4 g/kg (wheat, corn) - Met + Cys 3-5 g/kg - Threonine 3.5 g/kg (sorghum, rice) - Tryptophan 0.5-1.5 g/kg (corn) |
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cereal grain crude fibre |
- 2-3% - in hust and hull - highest: oat (10-12%) - lowest: barley (6-8%) |
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Cereal grain ether extract |
- low 2-3% - Oat 5%, corn 4% - germ contains more oil than endosperm - linoleic acid and oleic acid dominate |
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Cereal grain: N free extract |
- 70-80% - rich in starch - oat is lowest in energy (11-12 MJ/kg) |
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Cereal grain digestible energy |
- 12-15 MJ/kg |
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Cereal grain minerals |
- Low Ca (0.3-1.0 g/kg) - Reasonably high P (3-4 g/kg) - 50% of P is phytic-P which has worse bio-availability |
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Cereal grain vitamins |
- Poor in water soluble vitamins |
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Cereal grains non starch polysaccharides |
- B-gylcans - pectosans - pectins - indigestible for monogastrics - lead to high viscosity in the gut - anti-nutritive effect |
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Composition of wheat grain |
- germ 3% - bran/seed 15% - endosperm 32% - CP 13% - CF 3% - DE 14.5MJ/kg - P 3 g/kg |
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Composition of wheat bran |
- CP 16% (starch removed) - CF 10-12% - DE 10.5 MJ/kg - P 11 g/kg |
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Wheat bran uses |
- Laxative due to high fibre e.g. in pregnant sow/mare - Pullet diet: decreases development so egg laying starts later - Dairy cow: to avoid obesity and reach P requirement (milk fever) - Pets: obese and diabetic animals |
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Composition of wheat germ |
- CP 25-30% (protein supplement) - EE 6-8% - rich in vitamin E |
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Grain legume crude protein |
- much more than cereals (20-40%) - good digestibility - BV: medium - rich in lysine (14-18 g/kg) - poor in met + cys (3-5 g/kg) and try (2.5-4.5 g/kg) |
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Grain legume anti-nutritive factors |
- tannins - alkaloids - glucosides - heat labile - untreated soy bean causes severe growth depression in young monogastrics |
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Grain legume composition |
- CF 5-13% - NFE 25-50% (less starch than cereals) - Ca 1-2 g/kg - DE 10-15 MJ/kg - low EE: lupins 5% except soybean 18% - most vitamins in field pea - high mineral and oil content - low Ca, P - high vitamin E in germ |
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Grain legume uses |
- pig most favoured: horse/field bean 25%, lupin 10% (do not like) - cow: horse bean 20%, lupin 2 kg/day, field pea 1-1.5 kg/day - poultry: field peas for fattening, more resistant to lupinosis |
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Field pea composition |
- production 2 t/ha - proportion in diet 15-20% - CP 20-25% (lowest) - CF 6% (relatively high) - EE 2-4% - energy 12-13 MJ/kg - vitamins: nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid |
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Field pea uses |
- Dairy cow: max 1.5 kg/d (butter breaks into small pieces) - pig: makes lard hard - poultry: fattening - large amounts cause obstipation |
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Horse bean composition |
- production 2-3 t/ha - proportion in diet 15% - CP 25-30% - high lysine - low met (6 g/kg) + cys |
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Horse bean anti-nutritive factors |
- vicin - convicin - tannin - cause haemolytic anaemia |
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Horse bean uses |
- dairy cow: 2 kg/day, calves < 3 months 15%, adult <25% - pigs: sow and weaner fattening diets < 25% - poultry: little amounts used due to limiting met and cys level - horse: 3 kg/day |
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Lupin use |
- human and animal consumption - sweet lupins favoured for their low alkaloid content (max 10%) - dairy cow: 2 kg/day |
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Lupin composition |
- Production 3-4 t/ha - proportion in diets 15% - CP 35-40% - limiting aa: met |
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Lupin anti-nutritive factors |
- lupinin - lupanin - < 0.08% - cause lupinosis (liver damage): depression, jaundice, photosensitisation - poultry are more tolerant than swine |
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Soya bean composition |
- production 2 t/ha - CP 33-40% - limiting aa: met - EE 20% (rancidity) - rich in linoleic and linolenic acids (85 g/kg) - lysine 23 g/kg - met + Cys 10 g/kg - BV: medium |
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Soya bean uses |
- protein supplement - human consumption - "full fat" soybean - pigs: makes lard soft |
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Soya bean anti-nutritive factors |
- trypsin inhibitors - heat treatment required |
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what is oilseed extracted from
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- soya bean - sunflower - linseed - rapeseed |
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how is oilseed extracted |
- screw press: cake and 5-10% oil - extraction - protein and CF fractions are doubled - (high P, low Ca) |
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Oilseed composition |
- CP 35-50% - BV: different - anti-nutritive factors - CF 5-30% - lack of fat soluble vitamins - proportion in diet 5-40% |
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Extracted soya bean meal composition |
- CP 45-50% - Lysine 30 g/kg - Methionine 15 g/kg - BV: increases with met supplement - trypsin inhibitors |
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Extracted soya bean meal uses |
monogastric animals 40% ruminants: after heat treatment used to increase UDP in dairy cow |
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Extrated sunflower meal composition |
- CP 30-45% - Lys 11.5 g/kg - Met 13.5 g/kg - BV: increases with lys supplement - no anti-nutritives - CF 12-30% |
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Extracted sunflower meal uses |
- limiting factor is CF - monogastric 5-25% - not for starter diets - ruminants: RDP 75% |
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Extracted rapeseed meal composition |
- CP 35-40% - Lys 10 g/kg - met 16 g/kg - BV: increases with lys supplement - 00 or 000 types - CF 10-15% |
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Extracted rapeseed meal anti-nutritive factors |
- mustard oil - eruic acid - tannic acid |
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Extracted rapeseed meal uses |
- monogastric 10-20% - ruminants 1-2 kg/day |
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Extracted linseed meal composition |
- CP 35% - lys 12.5 g/kg - met 13.5 g/kg - HCN (anti-nutritive) |
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Extracted linseed meal uses |
- mucilaginous gums - good dietic effect - monogastric animals 10-15% - ruminants 1-2 kg/day |
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wet form sugar beet pulp composition |
- DM 10-15% - CP 15-20% - CF 3.5% - NFE 10% (rumen acidosis) |
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wet form sugar beet pulp uses |
- dairy/beef cow 20-30 kg/day - CF supplementation required - compensation for fermentable carbohydrates required - may freeze in winter - contamination from dirt or soil |
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dry sugar beet pulp composition |
- DM 90% - CP 10% - CF 16-18% - good digestability - NFE 55-60% - high viscosity (swelling in horse stomach) |
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dry sugar beet pulp uses |
- mainly for mongastric - good food for pigs - can only be given to horses if soaked first |
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molasses composition |
- DM 75-80% - CP 8-10% - NFE 60% (Sugars) |
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molasses uses |
animal feed: - ruminants 1-2 kg/day - piglets industry: - pellet binder - silage additive |
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NPN substances |
- urea - free aa - amides - nucleotides - nitrates/nitrites |
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factors influencing NPN |
- maturity - minerals - soil - N-fertilisers - S deficiency - NPN grasse < NPN legumes |
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urea |
- microbial protein - 1g = 0.47g N = 2.9g CP - max 20-30 g/100kgBW/day - max 1% of DM |
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symptoms of urea toxicosis |
- uneasiness - staggering - uncoordinated - kicking at flank - laboured breathing - slobbering - animals go down - death |
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treatment of urea toxicosis |
- 1L vinegar + 2L water = 3L acetic acid - acetic acid binds NH3 and reduces the pH - reduced pH halts urea production |
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UFP |
- Urea Fermentation Potential - protein:energy ratio - shows whether urea addition is possible or not - possible if +ve, forbidden if -ve |
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UFP equation |
UFP = ((1,044 x TDN) - dg) / 2.8 |
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antioxidants |
- prevent oxidative rancidity synthetic - butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) - butylated hydroxytolouine (BHT) - ethoxy-methyl-quinone (EMQ) natural - tocopherols - carotenoids |
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Amino acid supplements |
- biolysin (16% lysine) - biometin (20% met) - met-hydroxy-analogue (C chain like met so met is formed in the liver) |
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enzyme supplements |
- synthetic compounds - proteolytic, amylolytic, lipolytic enzymes (minor affect, perhaps after weaning) - cellulolytic enzymes (minor effect, fast passage) - Beta-glucanase in barley based diets |
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milk by products |
- whole milk - skim milk - whey (myse) - butter milk - casein |
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whole milk composition |
- fat 3.5-3.8% - protein 3.5% |
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skim milk composition |
- fat 0.3% (20% in milk replacer) - not too much fat soluble vitamins - protein 3.5% (32% in dried) - yellow colour |
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skim milk uses |
- milk replacers for calf and lamb - pre-starter diet for piglets |
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whey composition |
- protein 1% - fat 0.3% - after drying 10-20% |
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whey uses |
- from cheese: sweet whey (pH 6) - from curd-cheese: sour whey (pH <5) - substitutes milk powder in milk replacers - for fattening and growing pigs: 2-3 l daily - in starter diet for poultry and piglets after drying |
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butter milk composition |
- whole milk centrifuged to skim milk and clotted cream. - clotted cream makes butter and butter milk (by product) - higher fat - protein 3.5% - CP <30% |
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butter milk uses |
- milk replacers to substitute skimmed milk when dried |
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casein composition |
- made using rennin, HCL or lactic acid on skimmed or butter milk - high protein >75% - high digestibility 100% - used as a standard protein |
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fish meal cons |
- can cause fishy flavour of meat so can never be used in finisher diets - anti-oxidants are needed to prevent rancidity (vitamin E and Selenium) - Bypass proteins for ruminants - meals of animal origin cannot be used in food production animals due to danger of BSE |
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fish meal composition |
- high amount of fish oil (much is removed) - CP 60-70% - high lysine 50-60 g/kg - meth + cyst 2-3% of CP - EE max 10% - Ca 4-5% - P 2-3% - BV: high |
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fish meal uses |
- piglets and weaned piglets 5-10% - growing pigs 3-5% - broiler chickens - pets (good for skin and hair) |
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what is silage |
- preserving high moisture crops - grasses, legumes, corn, other crops and drop residues - anaerobic fermentation of material high in moisture - DM 30-35% |
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what is haylage |
- a feed halfway between silage and hay - feed is cut when green, chopped into 1inch pieces and stored in a silo - pH 4.5-5.0 so less lactate is produced - DM 40-50% |
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principles of preservation (making silage) |
- herbage put into a special airtight tower (silo) - kept in anaerobic conditions - anaerobes replace aerobes and metabolise the soluble CHs to produce organic acids - acids produced: 4-8% lactate, less: acetate, formate, propionate, butyrate (<1%) - acids reduce the pH to 4.2 - this ends all bacterial activity and the silage is ready |
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factors influencing silgae quality |
- DM content of herbage (25-35%) - amount of soluble CH - CP content of herbage (buffering capacity) - temperature during fermentation (27-38oC) |
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fermentability of herbage |
- corn: 200-300 g/kgDM CH = easily fermented - grasses: 80-150 g/kgDM CH = moderately fermentable - alfalfa: <80 g/kgDM CH = slowly/little fermented |
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index of fermentation |
- ratio of soluble CH to buffering capacity - corn: 5-10 - grasses: 1.5-5 - alfalfa: <1.5 |
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losses in silage making |
- loss of nutrients and excessive heating from respiration and aerobic fermentation - surface spoilage - seepage (loss of soluble and highly digestible materials) |
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evaluation of silage quality |
- smell: aromatic - visual appearance: mould free, green - firm texture (not slimy) - pH 4.2 |
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silage additives |
- to improve the "ensiling" process - nutrients - fermentation acids - preservatives - biological additives (bacterial cultures) |
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nutrients added to silage |
fermentable CH - molasses - dried whey fermentable CH and increased DM - ground cereal grains - dried sugar beet pulp |
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acids added to silage |
- decrease pH - prevent fungi - reduce heat - mineral acids - formate, sulphate, propionate, lactate |
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dietary proportions of silage and haylage |
silage: - cattle: 4-5% BW/day - horse: 10 kg/horse/day haylage - cattle: 20-30 kg/day, 3-4% BW (since higher in DM |
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alfalfa haylage composition |
- DM 40-50% - CP 20-25% - CF 20% - Ca:P 16-17 g/kg : 2 g/kg - NEl 6.0 MJ/kg DM |
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corn silage composition |
- DM 30-40% - CP 9-10% - CF 15-20% - Ca:P 5 g/kg : 2 g/kg (0.33% : 0.2%) - NEl 6.5 MJ/kg DM - max 50% grain - moderate to high DE - TDN 65-75% - low P:E ratio |
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corn silage additives |
limestone or Ca salts - buffer acids - cause higher lactate production - increase consumption and NE Urea or other NPN - increases CP |
