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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Roughages
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high in fiber low in energy
>18 % DM NDF 30-75% ex. alfalfa |
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Concentration
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low in fiber high in energy
<18 % DM NDF 9-25% |
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High Energy Concentrates
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Carbonaceous
< 20% CP (cereal grains, grain by-products, fats/oils) |
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High Protein Concentrates
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CP > 20%
(oil seed meals, whole oil seeds, high protein grain by-products, animals protein products) SBM, MBM |
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NPN
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Non Protein Nitrogen
Ruminants ONLY protein concentrate |
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Major Minerals
(g/day) |
Ca - ground limestone
Na - salt P -dical K S Cl Mg |
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Micro Nutrient Feeds
(mg/day) |
Trace Minerals
Vitamins (ADEK) Feed Addivtives Premixes |
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Trace Minerals
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Cobalt
Copper Manganese Molybdenum Iodine Iron Selenium Zinc |
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Forage
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a roughage grown primarily to produce vegetative material as feed for livestock
eg. alfalfa, corn silage |
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Crop Residue
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vegetative portion of plants normally left over after primary crop has been harvested
eg. corn stalks, straw |
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Roughage Byproducts
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fiberous plant material left over from processing of primary crop
ex. soy hulls |
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Pasture
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animals graze
2/3 all forages fed |
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Hay
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forage material cut and dried to preserve for later
1/5 all forages fed |
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Silage
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forage material preserved by fermentation
1/8 of all forages fed |
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Green-Chop
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fresh forages
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Forages represent __ of all feeds used
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60%
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Most Dependent on Concentrate
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Poultry 100%
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Most Dependent on Roughages
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Sheeps/Goats 93.8%
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Least Dependent on Concentrate
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Sheeps/Goats 6.2%
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Least Dependent on Roughages
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Poultry 0%
then Swine at 4.3 % |
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% total feed tonage as Roughage for all livestock
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40% concentrate
60% Roughages |
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Legumes
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alfalfa
Red Clover Birdsfoot trefoil * Bloat Hazard |
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Poloxalene
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Bloat Guard in Birdsfoot Trefoil that reduces bloat
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Perenial Grasses
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dont cause bloat
very pallitable when immature Nitrate Toxicity Hazard Kentucky Blue Grass Timothy Smoothe Bromegrass Orchard Grass |
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Cereal Grains
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High Nitrate Toxicity Harzard
Corn, Oats, Wheat, Barley |
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Sorghum Forages
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Will regrow in year
heat/drought tolerant not recommended for horses prusic-acid cyanide due to frost sudan grass, forage sorghum, sorghum sudan hybrid |
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Browse
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tender part of woody vegestation, fairly digestible
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Forbs/Weeds
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potential quality, but uncontrolled
broad leaf, non legumes |
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Proximate Analysis Steps
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DM--> CP --> EE --> Ash --> NDF --> NFC
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VanSoest/ Detergent Fiber Analysis
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tests for:
NDF= cell wall NDS=Neutral Detergent Solubles= cell contents ADF= Acid Detergent Fibers |
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Chemical Consituents of Fiber
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Hemicellulose
cellulose lignin |
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Analytical Constituents of Fiber
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NDF, CF, ADF, Lignin
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NDF=
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hemicellulose + cellulose + lignin
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ADF=
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cellulose + lignin
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Crude Fiber (CF)
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considered obselete
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Lignin=
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lignin
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Hemicellulose Content
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NDF-ADF
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Cellulose Content
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ADF-Lignin
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NDS + NDF=
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100% Dry Matter
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Nutritionist Fiber
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feed constituents that
1) limit intake (DMI) 2) limit digestibility (DDM) 3) stimulate digestive tract |
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Forage Quality
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characteristics of a forage that are directly related to animal performance and productivity
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RFV
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Relative Feed Value
index used to rank forage according to quality |
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'Fill Effect"
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where intake of feed is limited by physical capacity of stomach and digestive tract
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NDF's Effect on DMI
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NDF decreases DMI increases
NDF increases DMI decreases |
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Animal Reduction of Fill Effect of Forages
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1- Digestions: bacteria breaks down polysaccharides, slow process
2- Passage: Fiber residue passes from the rumen to the lower tract and eventually into the feces -- accomplished by mastication |
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Fiber Content Effects
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maturity ^, fiber content ^
maturity ^, DDM, DMI, RFV decr. maturity ^, CP decr. |
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20-30-40 Rule
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optimum stage of maturity to harvest when CP= 20 ADF= 30 NDF=40
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Leafiness
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more leaf= less fiber
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Plant Species
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grass has higher fiber than legumes
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Daylength Effect on Fiber
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longer daylength = lower fiber
due to increased photosynthesis and sugar production |
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Temperature Effect on Fiber
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Increase temps= increased fiber
due to incresed rxn rates |
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Benefits of Fiber
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digestive tract stimulation, mainly physical
slight chemical effect |
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Benefits of Fiber on Large Intestines
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all animals, particularily horses
- fiber moves indigestible materials out in feces -cleaning of epithelial tissue - tonin muscles of the LI prevents colon cancer in horses, colic in horses, constipation in sows |
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Ruminants and Effective Fiber
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stimulates Rumination (regurgitation of bolus)
breaks down particle size (mastication) --> stimulates salivation (contains buffers) |
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Ruminants and Buffers
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help to maintain a constant pH: keeps microbes alive
maintains pH at (5.5-7.0) optimal 6.2 Neutralize Acid (VFAs) |
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Buffers Prevent
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Milk fat Depression-- lower butter fat in milk
acidosis syndrome |
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acidosis syndrome
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lactic acid is absorbed into blood stream via rumen walls
--depression, lethargy, death, parakaratosis of Rumen epitheliym, Ruminitis, decreases in rumen motility, liver abscesses, laminitis |
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Effective Fiber
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scratchy fiber, longer forages stimulating rumination
-- cell walls in forages -- long enough particle length |
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decreased Forage Quality can lead to---
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decreased production
-- decreased DM intake -- decreased digestiblility -- energy will be low |
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Too High Forage Quality can lead to --
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obesity (decreased fertility, distocia, keytosis, fatty liver)
excessive cost acidosis |
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Optimum Maturity for harvesting Forages
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Quality marturity ^: quality decr
Yield marturity ^: yield ^ Persistance matur ^: persist. ^ |
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Optimum Maturity
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Alfalfa: Mid Bud Stage
Corn Silage: Moist. Cont. bt 60-70% |
