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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DIET FORMULATION |
translation of nutrient and energy requirements of a given species for a given response into an acceptable diet using a balanced mixture of ingredients which is economically sustainable |
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Headings of which nutrient composition is quantified |
DM - dry matter -> indicates the total nutrient content excluding water CP - Crude protein -> indicates the total protein content inclusive of non-protein nitrogenous substances EE - Ether extract or crude fat indicates the total fat content which may include other fat soluble substances CF - crude fibre -> indicates the cellulose content or indigestible (for single stomached) carbohydrate content NFE - Nitrogen free extract or the total soluble/digestible carbohydrate content is contained in this fraction Ash -> indicates the total content of mineral salts AIA - Acid insoluble ash -> indicates the indigestible impurities/adulterants in feed material which are mainly sand and silica GE and DE - Gross energy and Digestible energy -> expressed in term of Kcal or K joule per gram of the raw material |
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Feed calculation methods |
Pearson’s square Hit and trial Linear programming |
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Pearson Square method |
Usually used for CP -> it is the blending of two ingredients or products to attain a specific nutrient concentration -> the basic drawback of this method = only for blending two ingredients at a time -> When more than 2 ingredients need to be blended = multiple Pearson squares have to be used or grouping of ingredients based on criteria like “protein rich” and “energy rich” has to be adopted -> The animal requirement (number in the centre of the square) must fall between the nutrient concentrations in both feeds -> disregard any negative numbers calculated on the right side of the square-> treat them as positive numbers |
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Hit and Trial method |
This method is more convenient to use than Pearsons square Concept of blending of feed ingredients/products in definite proportions and the resultant changes it brings about in the blend |
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Linear programming |
-> various degrees of sophistication and a number of commercial software are available for feed formulation -> the choice of one over another should be based mainly on how far a given software allows for updating the data base as well as the constraints be it nutritional or technological -> Using least-cost formulation software: Format, Brill, Winfeed, Bestmix -> assist in formulating the specific nutrient requirements for specific breed, age group and type of animals -> helps to keep, control and manage the raw materials/ingredients storage and stock management -> Provide the most efficient way to produce feeds with least-cost formulation (75% of total production cost) |
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Raw materials |
Use in the manufacturing of pellet feeds are numerous -fish meal -corn -alfalfa -soya beans -additives -meat and bone meal |
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Step 2: Grinding (crushing) |
Before pelletising, grains such as corn, wheat, rice and soybean,etc. need to be crushed into powder Feed hammer mill -> to grind into powder the raw materials, in order to enhance the pelletising effect Facilitates the penetration of steam into a feed mixture influences the properties of the pellets: -hardness -density -starch gelatinisation -durability -water stability Improve nutrient digestibility via increases in surface area Destruction of some of the anti-nutritional factors that may be present in ingredients of plant origin |
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Mixing |
In order to attain a balanced nutrient supply in the feed, a feed mixer is used to mix the various ingredients together Mix thoroughly with a mixer since other additives may be added to ensure a balanced feed formation |
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step 3: Mixing |
In order to attain a balanced nutrient supply in the feed, a feed mixer is used to mix the various ingredients together Mix thoroughly with a mixer since other additives may be added to ensure a balanced feed formation |
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step 4: pelletising |
compaction of ingredients-> forcing them through a die opening using a mechanical process produce nutritionally complete feed pellets withstand the rigours of transport and handling at low manufacturing costs treating the feed mixture with 1) heat 2) water 3) pressure to convert it into a physical state that facilitates compaction |
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compressed pelleting |
involves the use of following to cause agglomeration of the feed ingredients into larger homogenous particles -moisture -heat Feed ingredients are finely ground prior to mixing and pelleting Grain starch is included in the mix to ensure good pellet binding During pellet manufacturing, steam is added to the dry feed ingredients -Increasing the moisture content of the mixture to 15-20% - Raising the temperature (70-85oC) |
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compressed pelleting |
involves the use of following to cause agglomeration of the feed ingredients into larger homogenous particles -moisture -heat Feed ingredients are finely ground prior to mixing and pelleting Grain starch is included in the mix to ensure good pellet binding During pellet manufacturing, steam is added to the dry feed ingredients -Increasing the moisture content of the mixture to 15-20% - Raising the temperature (70-85oC) |
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step 6: Cooling |
To cool down the pellet from pelletising process which used heat Achieves refrigeration by vapour compression or absorption cycles These liquids can flow through the heat exchanger to cool the air or equipment |
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compressed pelleting |
involves the use of following to cause agglomeration of the feed ingredients into larger homogenous particles -moisture -heat Feed ingredients are finely ground prior to mixing and pelleting Grain starch is included in the mix to ensure good pellet binding During pellet manufacturing, steam is added to the dry feed ingredients -Increasing the moisture content of the mixture to 15-20% - Raising the temperature (70-85oC) |
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step 6: Cooling |
To cool down the pellet from pelletising process which used heat Achieves refrigeration by vapour compression or absorption cycles These liquids can flow through the heat exchanger to cool the air or equipment |
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step 7: Crumbier |
Special purpose equipment to crumble big pellets into small pellets widely used for crushing poultry and livestock pellets can crumble pellets into 0.6~1.5mm or 1~2.5mm finished products has smooth appearance and low powder content |
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compressed pelleting |
involves the use of following to cause agglomeration of the feed ingredients into larger homogenous particles -moisture -heat Feed ingredients are finely ground prior to mixing and pelleting Grain starch is included in the mix to ensure good pellet binding During pellet manufacturing, steam is added to the dry feed ingredients -Increasing the moisture content of the mixture to 15-20% - Raising the temperature (70-85oC) |
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step 6: Cooling |
To cool down the pellet from pelletising process which used heat Achieves refrigeration by vapour compression or absorption cycles These liquids can flow through the heat exchanger to cool the air or equipment |
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step 7: Crumbier |
Special purpose equipment to crumble big pellets into small pellets widely used for crushing poultry and livestock pellets can crumble pellets into 0.6~1.5mm or 1~2.5mm finished products has smooth appearance and low powder content |
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Sieving |
Uses the vibrating screen and full ring rotating screen Qualified pellets -> deliver to the next process for packing Disqualified pellets -> discarded or recycled for other uses |
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compressed pelleting |
involves the use of following to cause agglomeration of the feed ingredients into larger homogenous particles -moisture -heat Feed ingredients are finely ground prior to mixing and pelleting Grain starch is included in the mix to ensure good pellet binding During pellet manufacturing, steam is added to the dry feed ingredients -Increasing the moisture content of the mixture to 15-20% - Raising the temperature (70-85oC) |
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step 6: Cooling |
To cool down the pellet from pelletising process which used heat Achieves refrigeration by vapour compression or absorption cycles These liquids can flow through the heat exchanger to cool the air or equipment |
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step 7: Crumbier |
Special purpose equipment to crumble big pellets into small pellets widely used for crushing poultry and livestock pellets can crumble pellets into 0.6~1.5mm or 1~2.5mm finished products has smooth appearance and low powder content |
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step 8: Sieving |
Uses the vibrating screen and full ring rotating screen Qualified pellets -> deliver to the next process for packing Disqualified pellets -> discarded or recycled for other uses |
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step 9: packaging |
This process is to pack the pellets into different bags, the packing bag size is form 10-15Kg |
