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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is "complete feed"? |
a feed that contains all the nutrients an animal needs. Ex. chick starter. The only feed that the broiler chick will be consuming |
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what is supplement? |
a concentrated source of protein, minerals, and vitamins. It is mixed with grain to make complete feed, usually included at 15-40% of the total diet |
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What is "pre-mix"? |
a concentrated source of minerals and vitamins, usually included at <10% of complete feed |
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Why are non-nutritive substances added to feeds? |
- improve the efficiency of feed utilization - stimulate growth or other types of production - increase feed acceptance - enhance food safety - improve the health or metabolism of the animal |
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Who regulates feed additives? |
the CFIA |
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Examples of medicating ingredients
which animal isn't allowed to have medicating ingredients |
antibiotics, dewormers, bloat prevention, B-agonists
*there are no medicating ingredients approved for horses |
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Make sure you guys learn all the drug calculation questions! Too long for flashcards. |
I'm sure you'll know them after the assignment anyway |
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Why is Fat Oxidation bad? |
- results in feed discolouration, deterioration, and fat rancidity - reduces feed palatibility - reduces fat-soluble vitamin activity |
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What do pet food antioxidants do? |
- prevent rancidity of the fats in the food - maintain the flavour, odour, and texture |
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"Natural" types of pet food antioxidants |
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Rosemary Extract
Citric Acid |
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"Synthetic" types of pet food antioxidants |
Ethoxyquin - 150 mg/kg of food the max allowable level. 75 mg is the norm
BHT
BHA |
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Additives that modify animal growth, feed efficiency, and performance |
- Enzymes - Buffers - Ionophores - Probiotics (bacterial and yeast) - Antibiotics - Copper Sulfate - Zinc Oxide - B-adrenergic agonists (repartitioning agent) |
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Enzymes (3) |
- B-glucanase: for swine and poultry for digesting B-glucans. In barley-containing poultry diets it improves growth rate and feed conversion. Eliminates sticky droppings
- Phytase: digests phytate. prevalent in grains and soybean meal
- Cellulase: for horses. It's value is questionable |
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Buffers |
resist pH change. Used for ruminants consuming high concentrate diets. Most common is sodium bicarbonate in conjunction with Mg oxide |
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Ionophores |
inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria in the rumen. improves feed conversion efficiency by increasing production of propionic acid aids in ketosis, lactic acidosis, and bloat prevention includes monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, lysocellin, and narasin |
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What are probiotics? |
direct-fed microbials that provide beneficial effects |
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Probiotics modes of action |
- improve GI microbial balance and exclude potential pathogenic bacteria by competitive inhibition - synthesize lactic acid, reducing intestinal pH - stimulate immune responses in gut |
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What bacterial species are bacterial probiotics based from? What must these bacteria be able to do? |
Lactobacillus acidophilus or Bifidobacteria (lactic acid producing)
- they must be non-pathogenic, host-specific, and resistant to digestion
- should be viable and capable of growing in the GI tract |
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Potential benefits of bacterial probiotics |
- reduction of diarrhea in calves - reduction in rumen pathogens (E. coli) - variable effects on milk yield - reduction in gastro-intestinal disorders in dogs |
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What species are used for yeast probiotics? |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae |
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What are the benefits of feeding yeast probiotics? |
- increased feed intake - improved fibre digestion - increased nitrogen retention - decreased ruminal lactate production |
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What are antibiotics derived from? |
- they're natural metabolites of fungi that inhibit the growth of bacteria
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Antibiotic Benefits |
- they're administered at sub therapeutic levels in feed to poultry and swine as growth promotants. - improve feed conversion efficiency - increase animal's ability to withstand stress and aid in control of post-weaning diarrhea - greatest response seen in young, unthrifty, or stressed animals |
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What is the dietary Cu requirement for normal health and production for most species?
At what level is copper sulfate a growth promotant for swine?
What can copper sulfate be a replacement for? |
- 10-20 ppm in most species
- 125-250 ppm copper promotes swine growth
- replacement for antibiotics. Similar mode of action
- most effective post-weaning; not used in finisher diets |
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What levels is Zinc Oxide fed at? What does it do? |
- dietary requirement for normal health is 50-100 ppm
- used in nursery pig diets at 2000-3000 ppm
- growth promotant in pigs - stimulates gut health, improves growth rate, reduces diarrhea and morality |
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What form of B-adrenergic agonist (repartitioning agent) is not fed in Alberta and why? |
Paylean
- the three federally inspected pig processing plants in AB (Red Deer, Trochu, and Lethbridge) do not accept Paylean fed pigs. - The ban is due to trade. Asian countries and Russia use it as a trade barrier |
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What do B-adrenergic agonists claim to do? |
- increase carcass leanness - improve rate of weight gain - improve feed efficiency |
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What are anthelmintics? |
dewormers
ex. phenothiazine, dichlorvos, piperazine |
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What are pet food "additives"? |
ingredient included in pet foods to enhance or preserve the product's colour, flavour, texture, stability, or nutrient content |
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What are pet food "preservatives"? |
additives with the specific purpose of protecting nutrients in the food from oxidative or microbial damage |
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How do pet foods prevent microbial contamination? |
dry foods: low moisture level inhibits bacterial growth canned foods: heat sterilization and anaerobic environment semi-moist foods: low pH, humectants that bind water potassium sorbate: prevents the formation of mould and yeasts |
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What are some other pet and horse food additives? |
colouring agents flavour ingredients palatability agents (sprayed on the food) emulsifiers and thickening agents |
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What are functional ingredients for pet foods?
Examples? |
components that provide a specific type of health benefit - joint health: glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate - skin and coat: omega-3 and omega-6 FA, oils - GI function: fibre, prebiotics, probiotics - immune health - urinary tract |
