Concepts Test 2

Front 1

Sodium

Back 1

135-145

Front 2

Potassium

Back 2

3.5 - 5

Front 3

Calcium

Back 3

8.5 - 10.5

Front 4

Magnesium

Back 4

1.3 - 2.1

Front 5

Chloride

Back 5

95 - 105

Front 6

Phosphate

Back 6

1.7 - 2.6

Front 7

Urine specific gravity

Back 7

1.005-1.030

Front 8

Hematocrit

Back 8

Male 42-52

Female 37-48

Front 9

Bun

Back 9

7-20

Front 10

The __________ process may be the most significant cause of generalized pain

Back 10

inflammitory

Front 11

Gate controll theory

Back 11

"Gate" opens and closes depending on what substances are competing to get in. If the gate is open, the signals are allowed to travel through up to the brain. If the gate is closed those signals are not transmitted.

Front 12

Nociceptive pain

Back 12

Most common

When nociceptors are stimulated

Includes both visceral and somatic pain

Front 13

Visceral pain

Back 13

Arises from organs

Front 14

Somatic pain

Back 14

From skin, muscles, bones, and joints

Front 15

Referred pain

Back 15

Pain that originates from one area but hurts in another (heart attack)

Front 16

Radiating pain

Back 16

Pain is from one source but extends to an area next to it (GERD)

Front 17

Neuropathic pain

Back 17

Results from nerve injury and continues once the stimulus is gone

Front 18

Phantom pain

Back 18

Brain is still receiving signals from the lost limb

Resides once brain adapts- plasticity

Front 19

Physchogenic pain

Back 19

Pain that is not felt because of an injury (anxiety, mental health, behavior)

Front 20

_____ and ______ may decrease with chronic pain

Back 20

BP and HR

Front 21

Three things that increase with acute pain

Back 21

HR

RR

BP

Front 22

7 nursing diagnosis for cognitive and sensory deficits

Back 22

Acute confusion

Chronic confusion

Disturbed thought process

Impaired verbal comminucation

Impaired memory

Risk for falls

Social isolation

Front 23

Osmosis

Back 23

movement of water across a cell membrane

Front 24

Osmotic pressure

Back 24

Force created when two solutions of different concentrations are seperated by a selectivly permiable membrane

Front 25

Filtration

Back 25

Fluids and solutes move from an aera of high pressure to low pressure

Front 26

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 26

The force of fluid pressing against the blood vessil

Front 27

Pressure on the venus end is

Back 27

low

Front 28

Pressure on the arterial end is

Back 28

high

Front 29

Renin is from the

Back 29

kidneys

Front 30

ACE is from the

Back 30

lungs

Front 31

Aldosterone is from the

Back 31

adrenal cortex

Front 32

ADH is from the

Back 32

pituitary gland

Front 33

Aldosterone is released in response to a _______ _________ _________, and stimulates the reabsorbtion of _______ and ________

Back 33

Low blood pressure

Water

Sodium

Front 34

Increases volume but does not effect osmolarity

Back 34

Aldosterone

Front 35

Increases fluid volume and decreases osmolarity

Back 35

ADH

Front 36

ADH leads to reabsorbtion of __________ only

Back 36

Water

Front 37

ANP is secreted in response to an _____________ in ______ __________ from the __________.

Back 37

decrease

blood pressure

atrium

Front 38

ANP inhibits secretion of ________ , _______ and and inhibits reabsorbtion of __________ _________.

Back 38

Renin

ADH

Sodium Chloride

Front 39

Active transport is the transport of a _________ from an area of _______ to ________ concentration

Back 39

solute

low

high

Front 40

Pituitary gland secretes

Back 40

ADH

Front 41

Fluid volume deficit occurs with

Back 41

excessive loss or inadequate I&O

Front 42

Isotonic FVD or __________ occurs when...

Back 42

Hypovolemia

Water and sodium are lost at the same rate

Front 43

Hypertonic FVD or _________ occurs when..

Back 43

Dehydration

Water is lost in excess of sodium

Front 44

______ loss of TBW is life threatening and usually fatal

Back 44

15%

Front 45

Edema is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ____________ spaces

Back 45

interstitsal

Front 46

Equal increase in fluid and sodium retention

Back 46

Isotonic fluid volume excess

Front 47

Increase in circulating volume while serum osmolarity remains unchanged

Back 47

Isotonic FVE

Front 48

Water is ingested at a greater rate than sodium

Back 48

Hypotonic Fluid Volume Excess

Front 49

Increase in circulating volume and serum osmolarity decreases

Back 49

Hypotonic FVE

Front 50

________ ______ causes cellular swelling which leads to pulmonary congestion and cerebral edema

Back 50

Hypotonic FVE

Front 51

Simultaneous FVE and FVD

Back 51

Deficit in the vascular system ( hypotension, weak and thready pulse, tachycardia) but an excess in the intersitial space ( weight gain,edema, pulmonary congestion)

Front 52

Treatment for Simultaneous FVE and FVD f

Back 52

Replacing plasma protiens then fluid replacement

Front 53

Hypovolemic hyponatremia

Back 53

Loss of sodium is greater than the loss of water (both are lost)

Front 54

Hypervolemic hyponatremia also known as _________ _________ and happens when

Back 54

dilutional hyponatremia

water intake exceeds sodium intake

Front 55

Greater loss of water compared to sodium or greater intake of sodium

Back 55

Hypernatremia

Front 56

Rapid onset of hypernatremia causes

Back 56

Severe vomiting

Hypertonic IV fluids

Excessive sweating

Front 57

Slow onset of hypernatremia causes

Back 57

CHF

Renal failure

Increased sodium intake

Front 58

Damaged cells release

Back 58

Potassium

Front 59

________ are more susceptible to fluid volume deficit

Back 59

infants

Front 60

Elderly are more prone to

Back 60

hypokalemia

Front 61

Hyperparathyroidism leads to ________ calcium released from bones

Back 61

increased

Front 62

Magnesium ________ muscles

Back 62

relaxes

Front 63

Hyperglycemia stimulates the ______ to release _______ which transports ______ along with _______ into the cell

Back 63

Pancreas

insulin

phosphate

glucose

Front 64

If GFR decreases the kidneys ability to excrete __________

Back 64

diminishes

Front 65

In severe dehydration body temperature ________

Back 65

increases

Front 66

In isotonic FVD the body temp

Back 66

decreases

Front 67

__________ may be the first indicator of a FVD

Back 67

Tahcycardia

Front 68

1 kg (2.2 lbs) is equal to ___ ___ of fluid

Back 68

1 L

Front 69

Skin tenting can be assessed on the

Back 69

forehead

anterior chest

medial forarm

hand

Front 70

Shining in the legs may be a sign of

Back 70

overhydration

Front 71

Chvosteks sign and Trosseaus sign are associated with

Back 71

Hyopcalcemia

Front 72

Hypotonic IV solutions

Back 72

0.33% NS

0.45% NS

Front 73

Isotonic IV solutions

Back 73

D5W

0.9% NS

D5 0.2% NS

Lactated Ringer

Front 74

Hypertonic IV solutions

Back 74

D5 0.45% NS

D% 0.9% NS

D5 LR

3% NS

Front 75

Sodium imbalances effect

Back 75

Mental ability

Front 76

Potassium imbalances effect the

Back 76

Heart

Front 77

Calcium imbalances effect

Back 77

Blood clotting

Musculoskeletal (bones and twitching)

Front 78

Positively charges

Back 78

Potssium

Sodium

Calacium

Front 79

Negativly charges

Back 79

Chloride

Phosphate

Front 80

Preaclamsia has to do with which electrolyte

Back 80

Magnesium

Front 81

Increased magnesium = __________ muscles

Back 81

Relaxed

Front 82

Decreased magnesium = __________ muscles

Back 82

Nonrelaxed

Front 83

Crystaloids dissolve ________

Back 83

easily

Front 84

Colloids dissovle __________

Back 84

not easily

Front 85

Renal failure patients must get

Back 85

phoshorus

Front 86

High potassium = _____ pulse

Back 86

low

Front 87

Low potassium = _____ pulse

Back 87

high

Front 88

______ calcium = _______ phosphate (lab values)

Back 88

High

low

Front 89

SIADH is _______ ADH

Back 89

excess

Front 90

Diabetes insipidus is ______ ADH

Back 90

low

Front 91

Angiotensionogen is from the

Back 91

liver

Front 92

Hypernatremia is from

Back 92

Diabetes insipidus

Front 93

Sodium levels drop with

Back 93

SIADH

Front 94

Hyponatremia occurs with

Back 94

SIADH

Front 95

Closest thing you can give to blood

Back 95

Lactated Ringers

Front 96

Used to get water out of tissues

Back 96

Hypotonic IV solutiuons

Front 97

Used to pull fluid from tissues into vessils

Back 97

Hypertonic IV solutiuons

Front 98

Acute pain

Back 98

less than 6 months

Front 99

Chronic pain

Back 99

over 6 months

Front 100

Two types of tactile receptors

Back 100

warm and cold

Front 101

most important electrolyte

Back 101

potassium

Front 102

Delerium is _______

Back 102

reversible

Front 103

Dementia is __________

Back 103

Perminant

Front 104

Sundowning is a s/s of

Back 104

Alzheimers