Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Has 1 double bond missing 2 H atoms
saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated |
monounsaturated
|
|
|
Has 2 or more double bonds
saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated |
polyunsaturated
|
|
|
Has the maximum amount of H's
saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated |
saturated
|
|
|
Good food source of monounsaturated fat
olive oil soybean oil meat |
olive oil
|
|
|
Good source of saturated fat
olive oil soybean oil meat |
meat
|
|
|
Good source of polyunsaturated fat
olive oil soybean oil meat |
soybean oil
|
|
|
Where does an omega-3 fatty acid have its first double bond?
|
3rd C
|
|
|
Where does a n omega 6 have its first double bond?
|
6th C
|
|
|
What is a triglyceride composed of?
|
C, H, O
|
|
|
What factor determines the the hardness of a fat at room temperature?
|
saturation
|
|
|
medium chains of fatty acids
Ex. palm oil & coconut oil |
tropical oils
|
|
|
unsaturated fatty acids that have added H to keep them from spoiling
|
hydrogenated oils
|
|
|
How is a trans-fatty acid formed?
|
its unsaturated fatty acids that have been hydrogenated
|
|
|
What is the most common phospholipid
|
lecithin
|
|
|
What is the unique feature of a phospholipid regarding its solubility?
|
its soluble in both fat and water
|
|
|
Whaty role do phospholipids have in our body?
4 |
carry fat thru body
maKes up cell membranes help lipids move across cell membrane emulsifiers |
|
|
What 5 compounds are synthesized from cholesterol?
|
Vit D3
cholic acid progesterone testosterone estradiol |
|
|
What foods contain cholesterol?
|
meat
|
|
|
What does bile do?
|
emulsifies fat
|
|
|
Where is bile made
|
liver
|
|
|
where is bile stored?
|
gallbladder
|
|
|
How does soluble fiber help lower blood cholesterol
|
binds to bile which is made from cholesterol which lowers blood cholesterol
|
|
|
Which lipoprotein in HIGH levels correlates with LOW cardiovascular risk?
VLDL LDL HDL |
HDL
|
|
|
which lipoprotein in HIGH levels correlates with a high risk of heart disease?
VLDL LDL HDL |
LDL
|
|
|
Which liporpotein contains the highest amount of cholesterol?
VLDL LDL HDL |
LDL
|
|
|
which lipoprotein transports fat back to the liver?
|
chylomicron
|
|
|
Name some factors that lower LDL
|
weight control
mono or polyunsaturated fat instead of sat. fat increase soluble fiber increase physical activity moderate alcohol |
|
|
What are the 3 major functions of fat in the body?
|
store energy
emergency fuel temp. control |
|
|
What are the 2 essential fatty acids?
|
linoleic acid
linolenic acid |
|
|
Name 2 good sources of omega 3 fatty acids
|
DHA
EPA |
|
|
What is the function of lipoprotein lipase?
|
breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids to be absorbed
|
|
|
What percentage of the body's energy needs at rest is supplied by fat?
|
60%
|
|
|
How many kcalories are in 1 lb of fat
|
3500
|
|
|
What 3 diseases have been linked to high intakes of fat?
|
heart disease
colon cancer obesity |
|
|
What is the DRI and Dietary Guidelines for total fat?
|
400-700 kcal
|
|
|
What is the daily value for cholesterol?
|
300 mg per day
|
|
|
largest and least dense of lipoproteins, transport fat, as they go thru body cells take fat from them if needed
HDL LDL VLDL chylomicrons |
chylomicrons
|
|
|
transports many triglycerides as they travel thru the body cells remove tiglyceride from them making them more dense
VLDL LDL HDL chylomicrons |
VLDL
|
|
|
often termed bad cholesterol because a high level is linked to heart disease
VLDL LDL HDL chylomicrons |
LDL
|
|
|
often termed good cholesterol because a high level isl inked to a lower risk of heart disease
VLDL LDL HDL chylomicrons |
HDL
|
|
|
What element does protein contain that's not found in carbs nor fat?
|
amino group Nitrogen
|
|
|
What differentiates one amino acid from another
|
side group
|
|
|
indespensable amino acids must be supplied by the foods that we eat
|
essential amino acids
|
|
|
what is a dipeptide?
|
2 AA's linked together
|
|
|
What is denaturation?
|
disruption of the stability of the protein (uncoiling)
|
|
|
chemical bonds
tertiary secondary primary |
primary
|
|
|
gives protein its shape
tertiary secondary primary |
tertiary
|
|
|
electrical attractions
tertiary secondary primary |
secondary
|
|
|
Where does protein digestion begin?
|
stomach
|
|
|
What does pepsin do?
|
breaksdown proteins so that enzymes can get to them
|
|
|
Proteases
|
break down proteins
|
|
|
After the digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed in circulation?
|
amino acids
|
|
|
What is the major function of proteins?
|
building materials for growth and maintenance
|
|
|
What do hormones do?
|
send messages
|
|
|
What do enzymes do?
|
help build or breakdown
|
|
|
What do antibodies do?
|
protein that kills foreign objects like bacteria
|
|
|
nitrogen out=nitrogen in
|
nitrogen balance
|
|
|
amino acids from body that mix with dietary protein
|
amino acid pool
|
|
|
What would be the most likely reason for a high blood ammonia level?
|
deamination
|
|
|
What would be the most likely reason for a high blood urea level?
|
kidney problems
|
|
|
Name 6 high quality proteins which contain all essential amino acids:
|
meat
fish poultry eggs yogurt milk |
|
|
What does it mean to be a limiting amino acid?
|
if diet supplies too little of any essential amino acid
|
|
|
If the diet lacks an essential amino acid, what will be the result?
|
protein synthesis will be limited
|
|
|
What is complementary protein nutrition?
|
Eating more than one food to fulfill the essential amino acid intake.
|
|
|
Features of Marasmus Chronic PEM ( protein energy malnutrition)
|
short and skinny for their age
|
|
|
Feature of acute PEM (protein energy malnutrition)
|
distended bellies
|
|
|
What percentage of children worldwide have PEM?
|
25%
|
|
|
What is the RDA for protein? in grams
must be able to calculate ___grams x 70 kg man = ____ |
.8 grams per kg
|
|
|
the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells
|
metabolism
|
|
|
building molecules
require energy |
anabolic reaction
|
|
|
breakdown molecules
release energy |
catabolic reactions
|
|
|
What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
What are the major metabolic functions of the liver
|
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
|
|
|
this reaction does not require oxygen
|
anaerobic
|
|
|
this reaction does require oxygen
|
aerobic
|
|
|
When does lactic acid accumulate in the muscles?
|
during high intensity exercise
|
|
|
What's the Cori Cycle
|
pyruvate converted to lactic acid when less oxygen is available which accumulates in the muscles and is converted back to glucose in the liver
|
|
|
What is the major fuel for the brain, nervous system, and red blood cells?
|
glucose
|
|
|
If the body has insufficient carbohydrate to make glucose, what else can be used to make glucose?
|
amino acids
|
|
|
what part of the triglyceride can be used to make glucose?
|
glycerol
|
|
|
When nutrients are eaten in excess, which ones can be stored as fat?
3 |
carbs
fats proteins |
|
|
When fasting, what does the body use first for energy?
|
glycogen
|
|
|
What does the body eventually adapt to use after long term fasting?
|
ketone bodies
|
|
|
What is ketosis?
|
elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood
|
|
|
What is considered moderate level of alcohol consumption for men and women?
|
men 0.8
women 0.7 |
|
|
What is affected first when a person begins to drink alcohol?
|
the liver
|
|
|
what percent is fat weight and what percent is lean weight when weight is gained or lost?
|
fat weight=75%
lean weight=25% |
|
|
The response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste that
initiates or delays eating hunger or appetite |
appetite
|
|
|
Physiological drive for food
|
hunger
|
|
|
Feeling of satisfaction and fullness during a meal
• Signals us to stop eating satiety or satiation |
satiation
|
|
|
Feeling of satisfaction after a meal and inhibits eating
• Maintains the signal NOT to eat satiety or satiation |
satiety
|
|
|
What is the most satiating macronutrient (ie, protein, carbohydrate, fat)?
|
protein
|
|
|
What cues might trigger you to override satiety?
7 |
stress, anxiety, sight, smell, time of day,
availability, boredom |
|
|
What is basal metabolism?
|
Energy the body spends for maintenance activities
|
|
|
What is basal metabolic rate BMR?
|
amount of daily energy expended while at rest
|
|
|
What factors affect the BMR, ie, what factors increase it and what factors lower it?
|
increase=height, growth, fever, stress, temp, hormones
lower=age, gender, starvation, malnutrition |
|
|
What percent of your daily energy expenditure is used for basal metabolism?
|
50-65%
|
|
|
How much does the average energy (kcalorie) expenditure decline with each passing decade?
|
5%
|
|
|
what's the Body Mass Index (BMI)?
|
weight kg/height m^2
|
|
|
BMI <18.5
normal overweight obese underweight |
underweight
|
|
|
BMI 18.5-24.9
normal overweight obese underweight |
normal
|
|
|
BMI 25-29.9
normal overweight obese underweight |
overweight
|
|
|
BMI >30
normal overweight obese underweight |
obese
|
|
|
Whats the range of body fat content for normal weight in women
|
23-31% body fat
|
|
|
Whats the range of body fat content for normal weight in men
|
13-21% body fat
|
|
|
Intra-abdominal fat, (visceral fat), independent
of BMI |
central obesity
|
|
|
which chronic diseases are related to central obesity?
5 |
– Heart disease
– Stroke – Diabetes – Hypertension – Gallstones |
|
|
what's the waist circumference measurement for men and women at which obesity related health
problems increase men= women= |
men >40
women >35 |
|
|
What are the health risks being overweight?
9 |
– Diabetes
– Hypertension – Cardiovascular Disease – Sleep Apnea – Osteoarthritis – Respiratory problems – Gallbladder Disease – Infertility – Complications in Pregnancy and surgery |
|
|
: a cluster of at least 3
of the following risk factors – High Blood Pressure – High Glucose – High triglycerides – Low HDL – High Waist Circumference |
metabolic syndrome
|
|
|
characteristics of anorexia nervosa
9 |
• Mostly females
• Distorted body image • Often unresolved family conflicts • Strong parental control • Use food to gain control • Strong discipline • Extremely knowledgeable regarding kcalories • Extreme exercise • Starvation/Malnutrition |
