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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differentiate and identify saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in terms of chemical structure and physical properties
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1. Saturated "SAT": No double bonds- makes chain look ridged/straight. Solid at room temperature. Stable, not susceptible to rancidity. Comes from animal fats, coconut and palm oils
2. Monounsaturated Fatty Acids "MUFAs":1 double bond- gives a "kinked"/V shaped chain. Liquid at room temperature. Susceptible to rancidity. Found in olive, almond, avocado, canola, and peanut oils 3. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids "PUFAs": 2+ double bonds. Chain has multiple "kinks". Most abundant. More double bonds= more fluid. Found in most vegetable oils, e.g. soybean |
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Which end of the fatty acid is the alpha end?
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-COOH
Alpha end/"Acidic group" aka Carboxylic acid end |
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Which end of the fatty acid is the omega end?
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-CH3
aka "Methyl group" |
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What is the omega system/how does it indicate where the first double bond is?
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indicates where the 1st double bond closest to the methyl (omega) end of the chain occurs
(w or n) 18:2 w6 (18:2 n6)= 18 carbons, 2 double bonds, 1st double bond is on the 6th carbon counting from the omega end. |
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What is the delta system/how does it indicate where the first double bond is?
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Describes the fatty acid in relation to the carboxyl end of the carbon chain. Indicates location of all double bonds
(triangle/delta symbol) 18:2 (delta symbol)^9,12 = 18 carbons, 2 double bonds,counting from the alpha end, first double bond at 9th carbon, second double bond at 12th carbon |
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Which foods are rich in SFAs?
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Animal fats, coconut and palm oils
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Which foods are rich in MUFAs?
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olive, almond, avocado, canola, peanut oils
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Which foods are rich in PUFAs?
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Most vegtable oils, cold water fish, wlanuts, flaxseed , hemp oil
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What are essential fatty acids?
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reliant on it coming from your diet, without it you develop a condition or a disease. Vertebrates cannot make it, comes from plants
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What are the 2 essential amino acids? Describe them.
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Omega-6 essential fatty acid "Linoleic Acid" (LA) 2 double bonds. PUFAs. Counting from the omega end, the 6th carbon has a double bond. Found in sunflower, soybean, corn, and safflower oils
Omega 3 Essential Fatty Acid "Alpha-linolenic Acid" (ALA): Counting from the omega end, the 3rd carbon has a double bond. Category of all fatty acids that has a double bond on 3rd carbon. PUFAs. |
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What is the function of Omega-6/Linoleic Acid in the body?
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Increase blood clotting and is involved in immune processes
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What is the function of Omega-3/Alpha Linolenic Acid in the body?
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Decrease blood clotting and inflammation, Inflammation is a huge component to diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.
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What fatty acids are made from Omega-6/Linoleic Acid?
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Converted to Arachadonic acid by essential fatty acid metabolism
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What fatty acids are made from Omega-3/Alpha Linolenic Acid?
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Converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA-5 double bonds) & Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-6 double bonds)
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What are eicosanoids?
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Chemical compounds with hormone-like functions in the body that affect the body in the region when they are produced
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What is used to synthesize eicosanoids?
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(EPA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Arachadonic acid
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What are some of the functions of eicosanoids in the body?
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- Decrease blood clotting
- Lower BP - Regulate inflammation and pain - Immune and nerve function |
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What are trans fatty acids?
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Term trans refers to the opposed positioning of hydrogen atoms when unsaturated fats are partially hydrogenate. Produced by he partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils
- has "trans" formation on fatty acid= straightens out chain (2 Hydrogens are added to opposite sides of double bonds) |
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How are trans fatty acids made?
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via partial hydrogenation. Cis configuration in fatty acid changes to trans (kink in chain- 2 hydrogens added to same side )
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Why are trans fatty acids added to food?
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Delays fat decomposition and spoilage (rancidity) in packaged foods, extends shelf life, initially though it was healthy, can result in nicer baked goods- makes things seem less greasy to the touch
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Where are trans fatty acids added to the diet?
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Margarine and shortening, deep fat fried foods, commercially prepared baked goods
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What are trans fatty acids effects on health?
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- Raises blood cholesterol-->increases risk of heart disease (CVD)
- lower HDL (good) cholesterol - raises LDL (bad) - Increases inflammation - May increase risk for Alzheimer's disease. |
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What is hydrogenation?
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- Process of adding Hydrogen to a fatty unsaturated chain by breaking double bonds-->gets rid of double bonds=stabilizing fat, more solid
- Cis configuration (kink, hydrogen on same side) changes to trans - Hydrogen addition to double bonds-->some double bonds "open" and become single/Get saturated-->straightens out chain (because you straighten out the kink in double bond) |
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What does hydrogenation do?
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delays fat decomposition and spoilage (rancidity in packaged foods)
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What are natural sources of trans fatty acids?
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Beef, milk
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What is the structure of triglycerides?
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Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
|\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/ | |\/\/\/\/\\/\/\/\/ | |/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/ |
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What is the function of triglycerides in the body (4)?
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95% of the fat stored in the body are in the form of triglycerides
1. Energy-concentrated source of energy-fuel and storage 2. Insulation & Protection: insulates internal organs 3. Transport of fat-soluble vitamins 4. Nerve Cells |
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What is the structure of phospholipids?
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- Glycerol backbone + 2FA + Phosphorus-containing compound(s) Synthesized by the liver, or come from food including animal product.
- Have a polar head (which includes phosphate group and glycerol backbone) and nonpolar tails (2 FA) |
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What are the functions of phospholipids in the body (2)?
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1. Cell membrane component-the hydrophic phosphate heads of the phospholipids orient themselves to form the cell membrane's outside edge. Hydrophobic tails point away= they form the "corrugation". This orientation allows the cell membrane to remain fluid so that compounds can move into and out of the cell
2. Emulsifier (forms a shell around fat droplets, so that the droplets can be suspended in water and not clump together. Has Hydrophic head |
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What are triglycerides made of?
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Glycerol (alcohol) backbone with 3 types of fatty acids attached. Don't have to be the same type of fatty acids
- Monoglycerides (1 FA) and Diglycerides (2FA) |
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What are phospholipids made of?
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Glycerol backbone +2FA + Phosphorus-containing compound(s)
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Where in the diet do triglycerides come from?
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Most of the lipids we eat. Oils and fats, Animal products
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Where in the diet do phospholipids come from?
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- Synthesized in liver or come from food including animal products. Egg yolks, liver, wheat germ and peanuts contain the phospholipid lecithin.
- You can also find phospholipids in soy, milk, and lightly cooked meats - Most fats, oils and fat-containing foods caontain phospholipids |
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What is the role of cholesterol in the body (4)?
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1. Aids in the production of hormones. Cholesterol is stored in the adrenal glands, ovaries and the testes and is converted to steroid hormones. These steroid hormones perform other vital duties to help the body function properly
2. Digestion: Cholesterol is used to help the liver create bile, which aids us in digesting food. Without bile our bodies are unable to properly digest foods, especially fats. 3. Building Blocks: Cholesterol is a structural componenet of cells/cell membrane. Cholesterol along with polar lipids makes of the structure of each and every cell in our bodies. Is there to basically provide a protective barrier/stabilize cell membrane 4. Needed to make vitamin D |
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What are sources of cholesterol?
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Found only in foods that contain animal products
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What endogenous (in body) sources of cholesterol?
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Almost all of the cells of the body can make the cholesterol they need. The liver is an especially efficient cholesterol factor- it can afford to export much of what it makes
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What are plant sterols?
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Compound containing a multi-ring (steroid) structure and a hydroxyl group (-OH). Can be found in grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts and seeds
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What is the significance of plant sterols for heart health?
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Lowers LDL-->reduced risk of CVD
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Why are plant sterols effective in decreasing blood cholesterol levels?
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On a molecular level, plant sterols look a lot like cholesterol. So when they travel through your digestive tract, they get in the way. They can prevent real cholesterol from being absorbed into your bloodstream. Instead of clogging up your arteries, the cholesterol just goes out with the waste.
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What are the various functions of food fat and body fat (6)?
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1. Energy- concentrated source of energy-fuel and storage
2. Insulation and protection, insulates internal organs 3. Transport of fat-soluble vitamins 4. Nerve cells --- 5. Satiety, flavor and palatability 6. Rancidity: foods that contain a lot of fat are more susceptible to oxidation |
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What role do antioxidants have in food containing fat, or in the bloodstream?
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A diet rich in antioxidants can help reduce LDL oxidation-when high amounts of LDL in the blood becomes damaged (oxidized) by free radicals
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How is fat replaced in food (3)?
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1. Fat substitutes (olestra)
2. Lower fat products often high in sugar and salt 3. Add something that retains moisture wiht chemicals or fibers and gums that increase moisture and create smooth creamy texture we associate with fat |
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What is Olestra (chemically speaking) and what are potential side effects of its consumption
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Sucrose +FA- we don't make enzymes that can digest this. Some of the sucrose hydroxyl groups have been replaced by fatty acids.
- could cause "leaky diarrhea" and inhibit absorption of fat-soluble vitamins |
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Explain the process of digestion of dietary fat (3)
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1. Mouth: Lingual lipase acts mostly on short and medium chained acids. Little or no fat digested
2. Stomach: Gastric lipase is secreted. Little fat is digested. 3. Small intestine - Presence of fat in small intestine trippers release of cholecystokinin (CCK) (H) from intestinal cells. CCK stimulates the release of bile from gallbladder- (goes to SI via common bile duct)= emulsifies fat= increases surface area so it is more accessible by pancreatic lipase - Pancreatic lipase (made in pancreas-goes to SI via common bile duct)= TG--> monoglycerides + FFA (now small enough to be absorbed) |
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Explain the process of absorption of dietary fat (4)
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1. 95-99% is absorbed
2. Short and medium-chan FAs (<12 carbons) can directly enter the blood stream because they are more water-soluble. Enter via portal vein-->liver--cardiovascular system 3. In small intestine: Monoglycerides and FFA diffuse into the absorptive cells of the villi and then reformed into triglycerides in the absorptive cell (only long chained FFA =12+ carbons) 4. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons, which enter the lymphatic system--> cardiovascular system |
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Describe the transport of lipids in the blood (8)
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1. Chylomicrons are secreted from the intestinal walls into lymphatic system via lacteals-->blood stream-->nutrients are transported to body tissues in the vascular system. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) transfers triglycerides for energy or store them for late. Chylomicron remnant goes to liver
2. VLDLs: produced in liver contain cholesterol, triglycerides, protein, and lipids. VLDLs travel from liver to circulatory system. The enzyme LPL in lining of blood vessels transfers triglycerides to body cells 3. ... as triglycerides are released VLDL--> VLDL remnant-->LDL (now composed primarily of cholesterol) 4. LDL is taken up by receptor pathways (with a LDL receptor) in liver and other body cells 5. LDL that remains in the blood stream is removed from circulation by the scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake 6. HDL: produced in liver and intestine +spontaneously formed in blood stream. HDL roams the blood stream, picking up cholesterol from dying cells 7. HDL donates the cholesterol to other lipoproteins for transport back to the liver to be excreted/disposal 8. Some HDL travels back into liver "reverse cholesterol transport" |
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What are the components of lipoproteins?
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Protein (apolipoprateins), phospholipids, triglycerides, free cholesterol, cholesterol bound to fatty acids
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What are 4 lipoproteins?
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1. Chylomicron
2. VLDL 3. LDL 4. HDL |
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Where is Chylomicron made and what does it do in the body?
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Secreted from intestinal cells into lymphtic system via the lacteals in the intestinal villi
- carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells |
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Where is VLDL made and what does it do in the body?
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Made in liver
- Carries lipids both taken and made by liver |
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Where is LDL made and what does it do in the body?
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Made from VLDL/lipoprotein in the blood
- Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells |
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Where is HDL made and what does it do in the body?
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Made in liver and intestine
- helps remove cholesterol from cells, and , in turn, excrete cholesterol from the body |
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What is the role of lipoprotein lipase?
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Enzyme attached to the outside of the endothelial cells that line the capillaries in the blood vessels. It breaks down triglycerides into FFA and glycerol.
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What is the role of the LDL receptors?
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Part of the receptor pathway fro cholesterol uptake. LDL is emoved from the blood by cells with a LDL receptor (found in the liver and other cells).
1. Cells have "pits" whcih contain LDL receptors 2. LDL binds to the LDL receptors in the pits 3. The LDL, bound to LDL receptors, is taken into the cell by endocytosis 4. Once inside cell LDL is broken down to protein and free cholesterol |
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What are "Good Fats"
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Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA), Linoleic Acid (LA), MUFAs, PUFAs
- Monounsaturated: olive oil, many nut oils - Omega-3 polyunsaturates (fatty fish, flax, wallnuts, canola) - Omega-6 polyunsaturates (soybean oil, sunflower oil, mayo, dressings |
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What are "Bad Fats"
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- Trans Fats (partially hydrogenated oils:processed baked goods
- Saturated Fats (meat, whole milk, dairy, eggs) |
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What's the "Good" cholesterol? Why?
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HDL-C decreases CVD risk, more HDL indicates body is effective at cleaning out cholesterol potentially for secretion
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What's the "Bad" cholesterol? Why?
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Triglycerides (from chylomicrons & VLDL) increase risk of CVD
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What's the "Ugly cholesterol? Why?
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LDL-C really increases CVD risk, means you have more LDL particles-->more likely they'll hang out in blood stream and become oxidized. Oxidized LDL-C =most dangerous form as plaque
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What is the AMDR for fat intake?
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20-35% of total kcal
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What are the TLC diet recommendations for fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake?
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- 25-35% calories from fat
- <7% saturated fat - < 200mg cholesterol |
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What are the recommendations for saturated fat and cholesterol intake for healthy people?
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- Sat fat: 10%
- Cholesterol <300mg |
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What is cardiovascular disease?
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Disease of the heart and circulatory system, characterized by the deposition of fatty material in the blood vessels (hardening of the arteries), which can lead to organ damage
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What are risk factors for CVD?
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Family history of heart disease
Hyperlipidemia Smoker hypertension Sedentary lifestyle High fat diet Age (older=higher) Weight (overweight=higher) Gender (higher in males) Dyslipidemia Excessive alcohol intake Diabetes |
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What is/what leads to atherosclerosis?
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Build up of fatty material (plaque) in the arteries, including those surrounding the heart that causes arteries to harden, narrow, and become less elastic= makes them unable to expand to accommodate the normal ups and downs of blood pressure.
- Caused by: smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high LDL-C levels |
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What are strategies for reducing one's risk of atherosclerosis?
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quite smoking, reduce sodium intake, loose weight, increase physical activity, reduce dietary intakes of: cholesterol, saturated fat, and total fat
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What are the categories for total cholesterol levels (3)?
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<200 Desirable
200-239 Borderline High 240+ High |
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What are the categories for LDL-C levels (5)?
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<100 Optimal
100-129 Near Optimal 130-159 Borderline High 160-189 High 190+ Very High |
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What are the categories for HDL-C levels (2)?
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<40 Low
60+ High |
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What are the categories for total Triglycerides levels (5)?
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<100 Optimal
100-149 Near Optimal 150-199 Borderline High 200-499 High 500+ Very High |
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What is a lifestyle approach to lowering LDL-C levels?
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decrease saturated and trans fat, decrease dietary cholesterol, increase soluble dietary fiber, increase MUFAs (walnuts), increase soy protein, increase plant sterols
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What is a lifestyle approach to lowering TG levels?
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Avoid overeating, limit alcohol, limit simple sugars, small frequent meals, include fish (Omega-3 fatty acids) don't smoke
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What is a lifestyle approach to raising HDL-C levels?
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Engage in physical activity (at least 45min/day, 5 days a week), moderate intake of alcohol, Omega-3 fatty acids, don't smoke
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Whate are the 2 schools of thought on fat intave in CVD?
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1. Ornich: Low fat (15% of total kcal) essentially vegan diet
2. Willett: Mediterranean dietp not how much fat you eat, but what fat you eat (consume MUFAs |
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What are some dietary interventions for prevention and management of CVD? (7)
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1. Less Sat fat
2. Keep Trans fat intake low 3. Moderate sugar intake 4. Increase soluble fiber intake 20-30g/day 4. Moderate diet 5. Increase intake of plant sterols 6. Substitute plant-based proteins for animal proteins 7. Increase intake of PUFAs and MUFAs |
