Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 4 phases of digestion?
|
1. Cephalic Phase "in the head" see, smell, think about food
2. Mechanical: Physical breaking down 3. Chemical: via enzyme action 4. Elimination |
|
|
What are the 3 main processes of assimilating food?
|
1. Digestion: breaking down food into absobable components. Chemical and Mechanical
2. Absorption: transfer or passage of food components from inside the GI tract to the blood (absorb monomers-like monosaccharides) 3. Transport: moving nutrients via the circulatory (lymphatic and cardiovascular) system to the cells of the body so they can be delivered to cells that actually need those nutrients |
|
|
What substance are produced in the mouth?
|
-Lingual lipase (E)
-Salivary amylase (E) -Saliva -Mucus -Salivary Lysozyme |
|
|
What is the action of lingual lipase?
|
Enzyme. Breaks down lipids in mouth
|
|
|
What is the action of Salivary amylase?
|
Enzyme. Breaks down starch-->disaccharides in mouth
|
|
|
What is the action of Saliva?
|
Moistens food, helps things get dissolved in mouth
|
|
|
What is the action of Mucus?
|
Lubrication/makes things easier to swallow, protects all linings in GI tract.
|
|
|
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
|
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
|
|
What substances are produced in the stomach?
|
-HCL
-Pepsin (E) -Gastric Lipase (E) -Intinsic Factor -Gastrin |
|
|
What is the action of HCL?
|
Destroys harmful bacteria, dissolves minerals, activates pepsinogen-->pepsin. Secreted from parietal cells. In Stomach.
|
|
|
What is the action of Pepsin?
|
Enzyme. Breaks down protein. Stomach. Inactive form is pepsinogen, which is secreted by chief cells.
|
|
|
What is the action of Gastric Lipase?
|
Enzyme. Breaks down lipids. Stomach from chief cells.
|
|
|
What is the action of intrinsic factor?
|
Helps b12 get transported for later absorption. In Stomach.
|
|
|
What is the action of Gastrin?
|
Hormone. Controls release of HCL and Pepsinogen. Stomach.
|
|
|
What substances are secreted in the small intestine?
|
-Disaccharidase (E)
-Peptidases (E) -Cholecystokinin (H) -Secretin (H) -Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (H) |
|
|
What is the action of Disaccharidase?
|
Enzyme. Breaks down disaccharides-->monosaccharides. In small intestine (brush boarder enzymes)
|
|
|
What is the action of Peptidases?
|
Enzyme. Breaks down dipeptides--> amino acids. In small intestine (brush boarder enterocytes)
|
|
|
What is the action of Cholecystokinin?
|
Hormone. Stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from gallblader in response to dietary fat in chyme. Slows down stomach emptying=more time for enzymes to do job. In small intestine.
|
|
|
What is the action of Secretin?
|
Hormone. Stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate in response to acidic chyme. In small intestine.
|
|
|
What is the action of Gastric Inhibitory Peptide?
|
Hormone. Slows gastric motility, limits release of gastric juices in stomach, enhances release of insulin. Small intestine-->affects cells in stomach
|
|
|
What are the 6 segments of the large intestine?
|
1. Cecum: place where small intestine attaches
2. Ascending colon 3. Transvers colon 4. Descending colon 5. Sigmoid colon 6. Rectum |
|
|
What substances are secreted in the large intestine?
|
-Short-chained fatty acids
-Gases |
|
|
Short-chained fatty acids and gases are the byproduct of what?
|
Byproduct of bacteria digesting in Large intestine
|
|
|
What substances are secreted in the liver?
|
Bile. Gets recycled and reabsorbed.
|
|
|
What is the action of Bile? Where is it made and where does it act?
|
Emulsifies lipids. Made in liver, stored in gallbladder-->goes through common bile duct-->small intestine.
|
|
|
What substances are secreted in the pancreas?
|
-Bicarbonate
-Pancreatic lipase (E) -Pancreatic amylase (E) -Trypsin and other proteases (E) -Insulin (H) -Glucagon (H) |
|
|
What is the action of Bicarbonate? Where does it originate and where does it act?
|
Neutralizes acidity in chyme. Pancreas-->small intestine
|
|
|
What is the action of Pancreatic lipase? Where does it originate and where does it act?
|
Enzyme. Breaks down lipids. Pancreas-->small intestine
|
|
|
What is the action of Pancreatic amylase? Where does it originate and where does it act?
|
Enzyme. Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides. Pancreas-->small intestine
|
|
|
What is the action of Trypsin and other proteases? Where does it originate and where does it act?
|
Enzymes. Breaks down protein. Pancreases-->small intestine
|
|
|
What is the action of Insulin? Where does it originate and where does it act?
|
Hormone. Clears glucose out of blood. Increases synthesis of glycogen in liver, movement of glucose from blood stream to muscles and aipose tissue. Pancreas (beta cells from endocrine pancreas)-->liver, muscle + fat cells
|
|
|
What is the action of Glucagon? Where does it originate and where does it act?
|
Hormone. Increases glucose levels in blood. Stimulates breakdown of glycogen in liver. Pancreas-->Liver
|
|
|
What is a sphincter and what is its main role in the digestive system?
|
Ring-like muscles that open and close like valves to control the flow of contents. Prevents food from moving through the GI tract too quickly--this allows food in the GI tract to be mixed with digestive enzymes secretions. Will also help propel food through the GI tract
|
|
|
What are the 5 sphincters?
|
1. Lower Esophageal Sphincter
2. Pyloric Sphincter 3. Sphincter of Oddi 4. Illoceal valve 5. Anal Sphincters |
|
|
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
|
prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into esophagus, controls movement of food
|
|
|
Pyloric Sphincter
|
control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine, prevents backflow
|
|
|
Sphincter of Oddi
|
Control the flow of bile from the common bile duct into the small intestine
|
|
|
Illoceal valve
|
Prevents contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
|
|
|
Anal Sphincters
|
Prevents deification until the person desires to do so.
|
|
|
What is the goal of digestion?
|
Breaking down food into absorbable components
|
|
|
What nutrients are absorbed in the stomach?
|
20% alcohol
|
|
|
What nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine (14)?
|
-Calcium
-Magnesium -Iron -Glucose -Water-soluble vitamins -Fat-soluble vitamins -80% Alcohol -Amino Acids -Fats -Sodium -Potassium -Water -Vitamin b12 -Bile Salts (recycled out of small intestine back into liver via portal vein. |
|
|
What nutrients are absorbed in the large intestine?
|
-Sodium
-Potassium -Water -Acids (short-chained fatty acids, lactic acid) -Gases |
|
|
What makes the small intestine so effective in absorbing the nutrients?
|
1. According like folds (circular fold)=greater surface area=more stuff can be absorbed faster
2. Villi: increases surface area 3. Microbilli-cell membrane of enterocytes ("brush border") focal point of absorption (produces mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones. Rapid turnover |
|
|
What are probiotics? What foods contain them?
|
Any bacteria that you eat as a way to fortify the populations in your gut. Yogurt and fermented foods: kefir, miso, kimchi
|
|
|
What are prebiotics? What foods contain them?
|
Substances that bacteria like to eat/ferment. Tend to be mostly fibers found in unprocessed whole grains. Things not ingested in small intestin.
|
|
|
Name 8 nutrition related GI health problems.
|
-Heartburn and Gastroesophageal reflux disease
-Gallstones-->choleystis -Food intolerance -Intestinal gas -Constipation -Diverticulitis -Diarrhea -IBS |
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of Heartburn/GERD?
|
Avoid foods that cause reflux (citrus fruits, chocolate, caffeinated drinks, fatty/fried foods, garlic, onion, spicy foods, tomato based foods
|
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of Gallstones
|
Choose plant instead of of animal protein, high fiver diet, magnesuim rich foods, unsaturated fats
|
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of gluten intolerance?
|
Avoid gluten
|
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of lactose intolerance?
|
fermented dairy products is easier to digest, high fat aged cheese, take lactase supplement
|
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of intestinal gas?
|
reduce gas-forming foods: fiber, lactose, fructose, sorbitol, apples, pears, prunes, starches, raffinos and starchyose (broccoli, beans, cabbage
|
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of constipation?
|
Eat high fiber foods
|
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of Diverticulitis?
|
Prevention: high fiber and fluid diet=restore GI tract motility
|
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of diarrhea
|
Consume plenty of fluids, when recovering avoid greasy, high fiber, and very sweet foods
|
|
|
What is a typical nutrition approach to treatment of IBS?
|
Low-fat, frequent small meals. Eliminate dairy, wheat, bananas corn, potatoes, eggs, peas, coffee
|
|
|
What is Entrohepatic circulation?
|
The continual recycling of compounds (esp. bile) between small intestine and the liver
|
|
|
What is Mucusa?
|
mucous membrane consisting of cells and supportive connective tissue. Lines cavities that open to the outside of body as stomach and intestine, generally contains glands that secrete mucus
|
|
|
What is Bolus?
|
Mixture of saliva and foods that is a result of chewing food/pressing food against hard pallet
|
|
|
Peristalsis
|
Coordinated muscular contraction/relaxation that propels Bolus down GI tract
|
|
|
Portal vein
|
Cardiovascular systems, carries water soluble nutrients from small intestine to liver
|
|
|
Lymphatic System
|
Contains lymphatic vessels (similar to veins) Dumps back into cardiovascular system via left subclavian (vein)
|
|
|
What are the 4 types of absorption?
|
-Passive
-Facilitated Diffusion -Active Transport -Endocytosis (active transport) 1. Phagocytosis, 2. Pinocytosis |
|
|
Passive absorption
|
Water soluble substances, and small lipids, some minerals. Move across cell membrane with a concentration gradient via tube-shaped transmembrane protein channel. No energy required.
|
|
|
Facilitated Diffusion
|
Carries some nutrients-Fructose, through cell membrane via transmembrane protein carrier changes shape to facilitate entry and exit. No energy required
|
|
|
Active transport
|
Minerals, some sugars- glucose and galactose and most amino acids, move through cell membrane against a concentration gradient with input of energy (ATP)
|
|
|
Endocytosis
|
form of active absorption.
1. Phagocytosis: enterocytes cells engulfs immune substances 2. Pinocytosis: Enterocytes cells engulfs liquids |
|
|
Explain the Cardiovascular circulatory pathway
|
Water soluble nutrients are absorbed from the lumen-->enterocytes-->capillaries-->hepatic portal vein-->liver metabolizes, stores portion of absorbed nutrients (proteins, glucose, some vitamins and minerals). Liver is first thing to see water soluble nutrients
|
|
|
Explain the Lymphatic circulatory pathway
|
most fats+fat soluble vitamins are absorbed from lumen-->enterocytes-->lacteal (lymphatic vessels in villi)-->Lymph vessels-->thoratic duct--> left subclavian vein-->heart-->tissues-->liver. Liver is last thing to see fat soluble nutrients.
|
|
|
Chyme
|
Liquid mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food. Result of contraction of the 3 muscle layers in the stomach mixing food with gastric secretions.
|
|
|
Portal Vein
|
Cardiovascular system, carries water soluble nutrients from small intestine to liver
|
