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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kcal
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A measure of heat energy the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1000g (1 liter) of water 1 degree C.
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1 kcal = how many calories?
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1000 calories
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How many grams per Kg?
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1000 grams
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How many mg per gram?
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1000mg
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How many g per mg?
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0.001 g
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how many micrograms per mg?
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1000 micrograms
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how many mg per 1 microgram?
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0.001 mg
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How many grams per 1 oz?
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28.5 g
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How many Tablespoons per 1 fl oz?
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2 T
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How many fl oz per 1 cup?
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8 fl oz
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How many tablespoons per 1 cup?
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16
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How many teaspoons per 1 Tablespoon?
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3 teaspoons
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How does diet affect chronic disease?
(-Phytochemicals and zoochemicals -diet high in fiber and calcium. -diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol -diet low in fruits and veggies -obesity) |
Some photochemicals can block the development of cancer, some phytochemicals and zoochemicals have been linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.
Increase consumption of fiber and calcium can lower the risk of colon cancer. A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol is associated w cardiovascular disease. A diet low in fruits and vegtables is associated with cataracts, hypertension, lung cancer, and colon cancer. Obesity is associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. |
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What are nutrients?
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Chemical substances that come from food. Substances essential for health that the body cannot make or makes in quantities too small to support health
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What are essential nutrients?
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Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals
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What 3 characteristics must a substance have to be considered an essential nutrient?
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1. Have a specific biological function
2. Removing it from the diet leads to a decline in human biological function (such as the normal functions of the blood cells or nervous system) 3. Adding the omitted substance back to the diet before permanent damage occurs restores to normal those aspects of human biological function impaired by its absence |
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What are phytochemicals and what is their function in plants?
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Physiologically active compounds found in plants that may provide health benefits. They serve as pigments in plants (eggplant skin, carrot) and protect plants from insects and environmental attacks
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Why should humans eat phytochemicals, i.e. what are they good for?
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May prevent chronic disease in humans, especially varieties of cancer.
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What are the common phytochemicals discussed in class? Give examples of food in which each of these phytochemicals are found in/
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1. Flavonoids: Citrus fruit, onions, apples, grapes, tea, chocolate, tomatoes
2. Carotenoids (e.g. lycopene): Orange, red, yellow fruits and vegtables (+ egg yolks) 3. Isoflavones: soybeans, other legumes 4. Capsaicin: Chilli peppers 5. Indoles: Cruciferous vegetables, especially broccoli |
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What are the six major classes of nutrients?
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carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals, water
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What is the basic chemical structure of carbohydrates, how many kcal per gram, and how does it function in the body?
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Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
4kcal/g (most) CHO provide energy (exception= fiber). Removing carbs leads to lack of energy. |
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What is the basic chemical structure of lipids, how many kcal per gram, and how does it function in the body?
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H, C, O.
9 kcal/g (most) provide energy. Promotes growth and development and regulates body processes. Important as energy particularly a source for prolonged low intensity activities. |
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What is the basic chemical structure of proteins, how many kcal per gram, and how does it function in the body?
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H, C, O, N
4kcal/g Provide energy. Promotes growth and development and regulates body processes. Only provides 2-5% of energy for the day. Importnt for growth and development. |
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What is the basic chemical structure of vitamins, how many kcal per gram, and how does it function in the body?
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Have a wide variety of chemical structures and can contain the elements C, H, O, P, S and others.
(some) promote growth and development, (some) regulate body processes |
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What vitamins are fat soluble?
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A, D, E, K
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What vitamins are Water soluble?
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C, B-complex vitamins
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What is the basic chemical structure of mineral, how many kcal per gram, and how does it function in the body?
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Have a wide variety of chemical structures and can contain the elements C, H, O, P, S and others.
(some) promote growth and development, (some) regulate body processes. Inorganic (no carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms) Major Minor: Need in trace amounts |
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What is the basic chemical structure of water, how many kcal per gram, and how does it function in the body?
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H2O.
0kcal/g Promotes growth and development, regulates body processes. Acts as a solvent and lubricant and is meduim for transporting nutrients to cells. Also helps regulate body temp. |
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What are the 3 general functions of nutrients?
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1. Provide Energy
2. Vital for growth and maintenance of body cells, can be building blocks 3. Regulate body processes |
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What is a calorie? What does it measure?
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The amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1g water 1 degree C
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How many kcal/g of Alcohol?
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7kcal/g
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Where does the energy we use daily come from? What is the transformation that takes place?
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The sun! A transformation from solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis. When we consume food, we break down the chemical compounds into ATP. ATP builds new compounds, nerve transmission, Ion balance, and muscular movement
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What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?
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1. Observations made and questions asked
2. Hypothesis generated- specific 3. Research Experiments Conducted--> testing, rejection OR acceptance of hypothesis 4. Replication (several studies)--> theory 5. Publication 6. Follow-up studies--> confirmation |
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How is the scientific method used in nutrition?
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Can be used to draw conclusions about various nutrition related hypothesis. Example: test a hypothesis about the effects of a low-calorie, high protein diets on weight loss. Or, explain connections between a lack of nutrient and a disease (no vitamin C --> scurvy)
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What are the 2 main ways in which hypotheses are evaluated? Give examples of each. What are the design considerations discussed in class?
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1. Observation: correlations and associations (ex: epidemiology (examines disease in population), case-control, cohort, migrant studies)
2. Experimental: Causation. Controlled clinical trials are the "gold standard", lead to the strongest conclusions. (ex: laboratory animal experiments, double-blind). |
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What are some limitations for nutrition related experiments?
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Hard to create placebo for "fruits and vegetables"
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What is a 'control'? (3 parts)
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1. Identical to experimental (active group in all but one variable
2. Provides a baseline to link effect to cause 3. Takes Placebo |
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What is the purpose of the placebo?
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Camouflages who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group. A fake treatment (such as a shame medicine, supplement, or procedure) that seems like the experimental treatment.
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What does it mean to be randomized?
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Participants are randomly allocated to receive either the treatment or the placebo. The best way to eliminate multiple factors in an experiment.
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What is a double-blind experiment?
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One group of participants- the experimental group-follows a specific protocol (e.g. recieves treatment). While the participants in a corresponding control group receives a placebo.
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How does a double-blind study reduce bias?
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Neither the study participants nor the researchers know who is getting the real treatment and who is getting the placebo. An independent 3rd party holds the key to the study group assignment and the data until the study is completed. Also, the expected effects of the experimental protocol are not disclosed to the participants or researchers collecting the data until after the entire study is completed.
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What is the difference between how observational and experimental studies examine/test hypotheses?
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Observational study: researchers observe what is happening or that has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations. There is no human intervention.
Experimental study: the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation insluences other variables. There is human intervention |
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What are some examples of observational studies?
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1. Epidemiology
2. Cohort Studies 3. Case-Control |
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Epidemiology
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study of diseases in populations
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Cohort studies
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Start with a healthy population and follow it, looking for the development of disease.
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Case-Control, what is the strongest case-control studies?
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Scientist compare individuals who have the condition in question ("cases") such as lung cancer, with individuals who do not have the condition in question ("controls").
Strongest case-control studies compare groups that are matched for other major characteristics (e.g., age, race, and gender |
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What are some examples of experimental studies?
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-double blind
-laboratory animal experiments |
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Laboratory animal experiments
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-animals are useful because they can develop a health condition (disease/disorder) that is comparable to one occurring in humans--> can learn more about causes of a condition and its diagnosis in humans as well as assess the usefulness and safety of new treatments or preventive actions. Can be conducted when it would be unethical to conduct with humans.
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Balance
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consume food from all of the food groups
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Variety
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Not just "an apple a day". but consume different colors, textures, flavors (these are all good indicators of variety)--> wide range of nutrients and phytochemicals
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Moderation
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? portion control
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Nutrient Density
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Nutrients per given calories: focused more on micronutrients and fiber. One food can be more nutrient dense than another (ex: Milk vs. Soda. Milk gives protein, vitamins, and minerals. Soda only give CHO)
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Energy density
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Number of calories that a food contains per given weight (calories per weight)
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What are empty calories?
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Only give calories without giving nutrients (little to no vitamins, minerals, fiber, amino acids, anti-oxidants)
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What lowers the energy density of foods? Give an example of low and high energy dense foods.
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High water and/or fiber content-->lower energy density
High fat content-->higher energy density e.g. raisins (high energy density) vs. grapes (low energy density); whole milk vs skim milk;granola vs cheerios |
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What are the ABCDE's of conducting an evaluation of nutritional health (nutritional assessment)?
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-Anthropometric assessment (e.g., height, weight, skinfold thickness, arm muscle circumference).
- Biochemical (laboratory) assessment (e.g., compounds in blood and urine) - Clinical assessment (e.g., physical examination of skin, eyes, and tongue; ability to walk) - Dietary assessment (e/g, usual food intake, food allergies, supplements used -Environmental assessment (e.g., education and economic background, marital status, housing condition) |
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What are 3 limitations of nutritional assessments?
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1. Many signs/symptoms of nutritional deficiencies (diarrhea, skin conditions) are not very specific (could be caused by nutrition, or something else).
2. It can take a long time for the signs/symptoms of nutritional deficiencies to develop. sometimes they can be vague--> difficult to establish link between individual's current diet and nutritional status 3. A long time may elapse between the initial development of poor nutritional health and the 1st clinical evidence of a problem. |
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What are some nutritional diseases with a genetic link?
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Diabetes, certain cancers (breast, colon, prostate), osteoporosis, hypertension.
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What are some limitations for an experimental nutrition study?
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Can be hard to create a placebo for "fruits and vegetables" ect.
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