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115 Cards in this Set

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What is the average growth and weight change during early childhood?
2.5 inches and 5-7 pounds per year
T or F growth patterns vary individually?
T
What are the most important contributors to height difference in early childhood development?
1. Ethnic origin
2. Nutrition
What are some other physical developments occurring during early childhood (2)?
- Cognitive and Social foundations laid
-Continued growth, perfection of fine and gross motor skills
What is the recommendation for "screen time" for early childhood?
2 hours or less
What is the recommended activity time for early childhood?
1 or more hours
What is the result of activity + learning?
Beneficial. Kinestetic learning, tactile learning, gross + fine motor is being developed
What are some of the gross motor skill characteristics @ age 3?
Simple movements
What are some of the gross motor skill characteristics @ age 4?
More adventurous
What are some of the gross motor skill characteristics @ age 5?
Hair-raising risks
What are some of the fine motor skill characteristics @ age 3?
-Still clumsy
- Can stand on 1 foot
-can hop on both feet
- can propel a wagon with 1 foot
- can draw a straight line
- Can pour from a pitcher
- Can catch a ball with arms extended
What are some of the fine motor skill characteristics @ age 4?
Improved fine motor coordination
- Can do stunts on a tricycle
- Can descend a ladder, alternating foot
- Can gallop
- Can cut on a line with scissors
- Can make crude letters
- Can catch a ball with elbows in front of body
- Can dress self
What are some of the fine motor skill characteristics @ age 5?
Body cordination
- Can skip
- Can hop on one foot for 10 feet
- Can copy letters and numbers
- Can throw a ball well
- Can fasten buttons that are visible to the eye
- Can catch a ball with elbows at the sides
What are some of the concerns with overweight young children?
Serious health problems
What strongly influences young children to be overweight?
Caregiver's behavior
What percent of 2-19yr olds are obese?
11%
What percent of 2-19yr olds are overweight?
10%
What percent of 2-19 yr olds are at risk of being overweight?
38%
T or F
U.S. has the highest rate of childhood obesity
F.
U.S. has Second highest rate
What is the biggest problem resulting from malnutrition in young children from low-Income Families?
Iron deficiency anemia
T or F a young child's risk of obesity/overweight is related to socioeconomic status?
T
Have U.S. 2-19yr old obesity/overweight rates increased or decreased recently?
Decreased slightly
How often should overweight + healthy weight young children exercise?
Daily
At age 5, the brain weighs what % of final adult weight?
90%
How does physical activity affect the bran?
lead to healthy brain learning
What Brain development is occurring in the brain during young childhood?
- Continued rapid development
- Clumsy children
- Early intervention if problems - neuro plasticity
- Sensory development
By what age can a child eat most family foods?
2
T or F there is variability among children in their taste and smells
T
What are some Nutrition and Health related issues occurring during young childhood?
- need to get sufficient calories/high energy food
- Tooth development
- Emergence of Self care behaviors: Toilet training
- Sleep patterns and dreaming
- Illness and immunizations
What are Some Preoperational Thought's Characteristics (4)?
1. More symbolic than sensorimotor thought

2. Inability to engage in operations; can't mentally reverse actions; lacks conservation skills

3. Egocentric (inability to distinguish between own perspective and someone else's)

4. Intuitive rather than logical
Piaget's Preoperational Stage
- Children represent the world with words, images, and drawings

- Children form stable concepts and begin to reason

- Cognnitions are dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs

- Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present

- Egocentrism

- Animisim
What is the principle achievement of the preoperational period?
children's developing capacity to represent the external world internally through the use of symbols (something that stands for something else like letters)
Piaget's Preoperational Stage- The Intuitive Substage
- 4-7 years of age
- Children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions
- Have difficulty understanding events that cannot be seen and negotiating traffic
- Children are unaware of how they know what they know

- Centration

- Conservaton
Centration
Preoperational children concentrate on one feature of a situation and neglect other aspects- A preoperational child cannot understand that when the water that fills a tall thin glass is poured into a short wide glass, the amount of water remains the same

Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
Conservation
The concept that the quantity or amount of something stays the same regardless of changes in its shape or position.

- Altering a substance's appearance does not change it basic properties (#, Matter, Length)
T or F even 3 year olds can distinguish between physical and mental
T
What do children struggle with when it comes to thinking?
- Understanding that people have internal states that represent/misrepresent world
- People's actions stem from mental states
Can young children remember?
- Childhood amnesia (as adults, generally we remember only fleeting scenes and isolated moments prior to the time we reached 7 or 8 years of age

- Information processing/memory

- Metacognition and metamemory (rehearsing, grouping- even 2 year olds can do
Metacognition
Individuals awareness and understanding of their own mental processes
Metamemory
Children's awareness and understanding of their memory processes
What is the time frame of sensory memory?
Fraction of a second to several seconds
What is the time frame of working memory or (short-term memory)?
Up to 30 seconds
What is the time frame of Long term memory?
Up to a lifetime
What do some children talk later?
- Lag between comprehending and producing
- Chomsky's Linguisstic Theory- Inherent LAD
Noam Chomsky's linguistic theory
Humans are born processing a language acqusition device (LAD) that takes all of the sounds, words, and sentences an infant hears and produces grammer consistent with these data
What are some reason why a young child might be a late talker?
- quiet baby
- biblingual
- born prematurely
- health problems
- twin (twins often develop their own private language)
- male
- older siblings may speak for child
How can young children communicate without talking?
- Language vocabulary usually limited to action and thing words

- Healthy ways to communicate feelings: Drawing, Physical movement, sign language
When do children begin to appreciate humor/ 3 types of humor?
1. Phonological humor: Distorted or immature articulations. Tongue twisters

2. Morphological humor (play languages)

3. Pragmatical humor: Ignoring context of request and giving a literal answer. Using double meanings of words
Do young Children Have Morals?
- Pre-operational period: able to reconstruct past events
- Fowler: Mythical literal
- Reciprocity of attitudes and values is foundation for social intercahnge
- Morality is situation specific
What are some types of Symbolic activity and play?
- pretend
- exploration
- games
- social play
- rough and tumble
How is self-regulation of emotions learned in young children?
Observation and repeated direct instruction
What are the steps for acquiring emotional understanding?
- The link between feelings and thinking
- Responding to emotions of others
- Forming emotional ties
What influences the development of self-Gender?
-Social influences
- biological influences
- parental responses
What are the 3 ways to describe the key child-rearing practices?
1. Warmth or hostility (acceptance/rejection)
2. Control or autonomy (restrictiveness/permissiveness)
3. Consistency or inconsistency in using discipline
What are 3 ways to describe parenting styles?
1. Authoritative (good at scaffolding)
2. Authoritarian
3. Permissive
How does the brain and centeral nerovous system develop in early childhood?
Continues to develop rapidly with rich connectibity of neurons and myelination of axons and the corpus callosum.
What is a key factor in promoting neural growth?
Sensory stimulation
T or F Inadequate nutrition in early childhood affects cognitive development into adulthood
T
From what ages are children prone to sleep disturbances?
3-8
What sleep habits are recommended in early childhood?
10-12 hours of sleep and a consistent bedtime routine
What is the most common pediatric disease and the main reason for child hospital admissions?
Asthma
What is the leading cause of death among young children?
unitentional injuries
What was Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
Children have different strengths and weaknesses in their intelligence systems and that educators should instruct in such a way as to accommodate different kinds of intelligence
Preoperational Period
Jean Piaget. The years between 2-7, where there is an increase in the child's capacity to represent the external world internally through use of symbols, such as words and numbers
Egocentrism (Piaget)
Preoperational children operate from egocentrism, are absorbed in their own feelings and thoughts, and are often not able to recognize others thoughts and feelings.
How do children acquire language?
In a sequence. Children from ages 2-6 begin to internalize the rules of language: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
According to Lev Vygotsky learning takes place in what context?
Sociocultural. The zone of proximal development means that with the help from a more skilled partner, children master tasks that are too hard to accomplish alone
T or F young children's recognition memory is superior to their recall memory
T
What did Piaget argue concerning children's moral development?
Children's moral reasoning evolves and it befins with reciprocity of attitudes and values. The ability to recall thoughts and feelings from memory makes moral thought possible. As young children mature, they come to know more about attitudes, values, and the "rules" of accepted behavior.
What did Kohlberg says about children's moral development?
Young children are obedient to authority from fear of threat or punishment and called this first stage of moral development the preconventional stage. Kohlberg also thought that young children are egocentric and unable to see the perspective of others
What percent of children ages 5-11 suffer from mental, emotional, or behavioral problems?
14%
What are the nutrition needs of preschoolers?
Need the same variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, and proteins that adults do, but in smaller portions.
T or F sibling power and status rivarly play a major role in personality development
T
From what age on are peer relationships important?
3
What is the most common chronic helath issue of early childhood?
Dental caries
Around what age does baby teeth come out and permanent ones come in?
5-6
Prosocial Behavior
Evidence of this even in very young children. behavior that is kind and helpful when there is no expectation of benefit to oneself.
What are some differences between Leo Vygostsky and Jean Piaget perspectives of how children learn.
Piaget thought that children learn as independent explorers, whereas Vygotosky asserted that children learn through social interactions. Vygotsky put forth a socioculture view that stresses the social aspects of cognitive development that Piaget did not emphasize.
The montessori Mind
Dr. Maria Montessori. Child-centered philosophy of "education for life" directed towards the development of each child's interests, abilities, and human potential.
Motor stage vs. egocentric stage (Piaget/ Moral development)
In the motor stage children are not aware of any rules. Between ages 2-5, the egocentric stage, children become aware of the existence of rules and begin to want to play the game with other children. They see rules as fixed and coming from a higher authority.
Desribe Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
Preschool children tend to be superficial in their moral judgment because they have difficulty, on a cognitive level, in keeping several pieces of information simultaneously in mind. They begin to be obedient to authority from threat or punishment which he categorized as Level 1, the preconventional stage.

Children are egocentric and unable to consider the perspectives of others
What is motivated by emotions?
Behavior
Thought
Interactions
At what age do children need to achieve minimal social competence? What happens if they don't?
6. Children who do not reach this milestone risk emotional and behavioral disorders by adulthood
Is thinking an emotional activity? Elaborate.
Yes. Children's feelings can either support or hinder intellectual/academic mastery
How can parents and cargivers promote social competence for young children?
Teaching them effective problem solving skills
T or F Parents directly influence social-emotional competence in their children?
T
What happens to children whose parents are negative or hostile ?
They are least likely to comply with parental directives, and they display more negative emotions and behaviors that revel emotional insecurity.
What does play enable children to improve
Cognitive capacities and to communicate their deepest feelings
T or F facial expressions, body language, and gestures appear with greater frequency during the preschool years. What does this reflect?
T. This reflects greater cognitive ability and awareness of cultural values and standards.
How do boys and girls differ in play
Boys tend to play in larger groups and prefer rough-and-tumble, competitive play

Girls tend to prefer two-person groups conductive to verbal interactions and displays of affection
What do young children use as play to explore?
Their feelings. They use their imaginations and play creatively with objects in their environment.
How does therapeutic play benefit young children?
benefits young children with emotional and behavior disorders by offering an outlet for their feelings, thoughts, and aggression.
At what age does self-regulation of emotions begin to appear?
after age 3
What do parents in Western societies encourage vs. what do parents from Asian and Latino collectivist cultures emphasize?
Western societies encourage individualism in their children, allowing for exploration, imagination, and independence in play

Parents from Asian and Latino collectivist cultures emphasize a child's relatedness to the entire culture and a sense of responsibility for the group
Emotional development is essential to what?
self-awareness. A childs understanding of self as seperate from others continues to develop during preschool years.
Gifted children tend to demonstrate what?
High motivation and self-direction. Typically, they tend to be active learners and demonstrate a strong will.
What influences the display of gender behaviors
Biology, the brain, and hormones
What is the consensus concerning intersexed children?
Best to let them choose a gender when they are ready to do so
What does psychoanalytic theory suggest about gender identity.
Early experience plays a significant role
How does Erikson's psychosocial theory propse that children attempt to resolve conflict of initiative vs. guilt?
By acting with purpose on their world
What does Cognitive learning theory propse that plays a major role in gender identity
modeling/imitation
What does cognitive development theory say on how children acquire gender identification.
Children acquire a mental model of a female or male, or traditional gender stereotypes, and then adopt that model's gender related characteristics
What do love-oriented parenting techniques tend to promote?
The formation of a child's conscience and sense of responsibility.
What is the consequence of hostile and rejecting parents?
interferes with the child's development of conscience and breed aggressiveness and resistance to authority.
T or F
Children's own personality and temperament exert a reciprocal influence on the parenting they receive?
T
What does restrictive parenting tend to be associated with?
well-controlled, fearful, dependent, and submissive behaviors.
What does permissiveness parenting tend to be associated with?
foster outgoing sociable, assertive behaviors and intellectual striving, however, also tends to decrease persistence and increase aggressiveness.
What is effective discipline
Consistent and unambiguous. The most aggressive children have parents who are inconsistent with discipline.
What are the consequences of sexual abuse of children?
alters a child's cognitive and emotional orientation to the world, causing a loss of control and sense of powerlessness, stigmatization, and sense of betrayal by trusted person.
What age group has the highest rate of abuse?
up to 4 years old. Rates decline as children get older.
What does friendship function as?
cognitive stimulation, allows children to self-regulate, provides for socialization, fosters a sense of identity, and enables children to deal with fears.
How do boys and girls display aggression?
Boys: both physically and verbally

Girls: harmful words, practicing exclusion, and withdrawing friendship
T or F Children who participate in quality preschool, Early Head Start, and Head Start programs have the same academic achievement as children who did not go to preschool.
F. They have higher academic achievement.
What are reccomendations for young children and TV?
2 hours daily, no TV in bedroom.
Is viewing televised violence associated with aggressive behaviors in children?
Yes