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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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put these in order of bias from least biased to most biased
A) Case-Control B) Randomized controlled trial C) Case reports D) Case series E) Cohort Studies F) Unsystematic observations G) Systematic review of randomized control trials |
G, B, E, A, D, C, F
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how is a 2x2 table arranged?
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truth on top
test results on left |
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what is the case-control study design?
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find controls and cases and then look back to compare previous exposure
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what is the difference between a prospective and retrospective cohort study?
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retrospective looks at an exposure and whether or not they developed the disease by NOW, prospective looks at an exposure and follows them to see whether or not they get the disease
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what are the four parts of a foreground assessment question
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PICO
P atient or problem I ntervention C omparison of intervention O utcomes |
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what is an example of a 4 part foreground question for a new osteoporosis treatment?
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P: in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
I: does PTH treatment C: compared with placebo O: result in fewer fractures |
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what are the major steps of EBM
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Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply
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what is the difference between Risk Ratio and Relative Risk Reduction?
Group 1: 5% risk Group 2: 15 % risk |
RR: 33%
RRR: 66% |
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what is the incidence for a group that goes from prevalence 10% to 30%
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2/9, 22%
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why could increasing prevalence be good?
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people are living longer with a condition
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what is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
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morbidity is the incidence of disease
mortality is the incidence of death |
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what is the difference between mortality and case fatality rate?
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mortality is total number out of the whole population
case fatality rate is the deaths by disease/diseased population |
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what type of data is "blood type"?
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categorical
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what type of data is
"low, medium, high dose" |
ordinal
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what type of data are "calendar dates"
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interval (measure distance but ratios are not meaningful
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what type of data are "body weight"
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ratio (continuous)
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what type of data are "number of visits to a physician"
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ratio (discrete, only intergers)
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what type of data is "disease status" "sex" or "smoking status"
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binary (dichotomous)
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how are the mean, median, and mode related in positively skewed data?
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mean > median > mode
peak is to the left |
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how are the mean, median, and mode related in negatively skewed data?
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mean < median < mode
peak is to the right |
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1 SD on either side of the mean contains what % of the sample
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67%
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2 SD on either side of the mean contains what % of the sample?
3 SD? |
95%
99% |
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what is the coefficient of variation?
does large CV indicate more or less variability |
the SD divided by the mean
high CV indicates high variability |
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what is the difference between a t-test and ANOVA
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t-test compares 2 groups
ANOVA compares 3 or more groups |
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what is the chi-square test for?
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comparing groups with categorical variables
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what is a type I error
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you said the null was false (confirm hypothesis) but in fact the null was true (no diff)
UNJUST CONVICTION |
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what is a type II error?
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you said the null was true (reject hypothesis) but in fact the null was false (your hypothesis was right in the first place)
OJ SIMPSON |
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in the 2x2 table, what is alpha?
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the probability of making a type I error
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in the 2x2 table, what is Beta
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the probability of making a type II error
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which is worse, type I or type II
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type I (big pharm, you said there is a relationship but there really isn't)
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what is Bayes Theorem
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you only allow new data to completely overrule previous data if the data is VERY strong
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what are cross-sectional studies and what type of study are they?
what do they allow you to calculate? |
they are observational studies
look at exposure and outcomes at the same time allow you to calculate odds ratio |
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what is the difference between case control and cohort studies?
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case control: see outcome and look back at exposures
cohort: look at exposures and then see the outcomes |
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when might you choose case control over cohort?
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very rare diseases
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what are Kaplan Meier Survival Curves
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survival probability versus time, different groups' lines should not cross
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do sensitivity/specificity change based on prevalence of disease?
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no
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do PPV/NPV change based on prevalence of disease?
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yes
increased prevalance increases PPV and decreases NPV (there are more people with the disease, so more who are getting positives and less who are getting negatives) |
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what is the absolute risk reduction?
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ARR is the difference between the % of one group with an event versus the % of the other group with an event
(MIs in people with Beta blocker and without beta blocker) |
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what is the number needed to treat and how do you calculate it?
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the number needed to treat to prevent 1 event
NNT = 1/ARR (absolute risk reduction) |
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what is the relative risk reduction
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absolute risk reduction divided by the risk % of the control group
(you are what % more or less likely to have an event than the control group) |
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what is the belmont report
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instigated requirements to respect and treat human subjects ethically
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what are the smoking cessation five A's that a physician should talk about with a patient?
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Ask about use
Advise to quit Assess willingness Assist in quitting Arrange follow up |
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how much do prescription aids for smoking cessation increase the odds of quitting?
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double
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which smoking cessation drug is also an antidepressant?
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bupropion (zyban)
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what are the five R's of dealing with a patient not ready to quit?
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Relevance (how quitting affects them personally)
Risks of smoking Rewards of quitting Roadblocks Respect autonomy |
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why is fecal occult blood testing unreliable as a cancer screen?
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there are lots of causes of blood in the stool
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what is the best evidence based screen for lung cancer?
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a COMBINATION of spiral CT, chest x-ray and sputum cytology
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who is recommended to get a pap smear?
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women below age 65 who are sexually active
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what are the threshold (in % body fat) for obesity?
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Men >22%
Women > 32% |
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what is the breakdown of daily energy expenditure?
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50% base metabolic rate
10% thermic effect ~40% exercise |
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about how many kcals/ pound?
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3500
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what is the general recommendation for caloric intake?
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~50% carb
~30% protein ~20% fat |
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who are the at risk populations for whooping cough?
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adolescents and adults who have lost immunity and infants < 1 yr
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what is the infectious agent that causes whooping cough?
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bordetella pertussis
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what immunization prevents whooping cough/
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Tdap
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what is passive immunity?
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preformed antibodies that have been passed on through genes or from mother and they are short lived, they don't work very well
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what is the cause of measles?
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an acute viral infection with high morbidity and mortality
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which disease have vaccines eradicated?
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smallpox (worldwide)
polio (americas) |
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what are the adverse effects of vaccines?
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you can get a mild form of the disease
live vaccines can give rxn similar to the disease you can get anaphylaxis dangers of giving vaccine to immunocompromised people non-live vaccines DO NOT cause disease |
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how are encapsulated bacteria removed from the circulation?
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in the spleen. So, asplenic people are at very high risk
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which vaccines are live vaccines that OCCASIONALLY cause disease
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oral polio (1 in 4 mil)
measles (fever in 5%) varicella (rash in 5%) |
