Fat Soluble Vitamins

Front 1

Vitamin D, da hell is dat?

Back 1

it is a fat soluble vitamin lol
Non essential (digestion); body synthesizes it

Front 2

Where are 3 places where Vitamin D comes from?

Back 2

1) Body - vitamin D1, calcitrol
2) Plant sources - vitamin D2, ergocalciferol
3) Animal source - vitamin D3, cholecalciferol

Front 3

What are the functions of Vitamin D?

Back 3

1) Enhances absorption of Ca and P from digestive to CV system
2) Reabsorbs minerals from bone when diet is insufficient

Front 4

What occurs with vitamin D deficiency?

Back 4

Overt signs are relatively rare
Insufficiency is quite common

Front 5

How does Vitamin D deficiency affect bones in children versus adults?

Back 5

RICKETS affects children, bones fail to calcify normally, bones bend.
OSTEOMALACIA affects adults, basically poor mineralization of bones (soft, flexible, brittle, deformed)

Front 6

Vitamin D toxicity is ________________. What are the associated symptoms?

Back 6

Most likely of vitamins to have toxic effects

Raises blood Ca concentrations
Forms stones in soft tissues
May harden blood vessels

Front 7

What are some sources of Vitamin D?

Back 7

Few food resources- Oily fish, egg yolk, fortified milk
Sun exposure - no risk of toxicity, latitude, season, time of day

Front 8

Vitamin K is part of what family of compounds?

Back 8

Quinones

Front 9

What are K vitamins types (quinones)?

Back 9

K1 - phylloquinone
K2 - menquinone
K3 - menadione (considered unsafe), Synkayvite, Hykinone

Front 10

All quinones are stored in the ______ in small amounts, and are fat soluble except for _____ and ____.

Back 10

liver; Synkayvite; Hykinone

Front 11

What are the functions of Vitamin K?

Back 11

1) Blood clotting (carboxylates preprothormbin)
2) Bone health (carboxylated osterocalcin; becomes saturated with carboxyl groups)

Front 12

What is osteocalcin?

Back 12

Osteocalcin is a protein in bone and dentin; contributes to mineralization, secreted by osteoblasts

Front 13

What does osteocalcin act on?

Back 13

1) Pancreatic beta cells; stimulates proliferation
2) Adipocytes; synthesizes and secretes ADIPONECTIN (hormone that increases body's sensitivity to insulin)

Front 14

What are sources of Vitamin K?

Back 14

1) Absorbed with fat in small intestine (chylomicrons)
2) Storage = 10% phylloquinones, 90% menaquinones in liver
3) Raw, green leafy vegetables (turnip greens, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, animal products very limited with Vitamin K)

Front 15

Vitamin K deficiency leads to:

Back 15

Fat malabsorption condition (celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, colitis)
Prolonged use of antibiotics
Megadoses of vitamin A and E

Front 16

What do newborns have to do with vitamin K?

Back 16

Newborns receive vitamin K injections at birth
Body only needs small amounts, deficiencies are rare

Front 17

Toxicity associated with Vitamin K is

Back 17

Rare! :D

Front 18

Where is Vitamin K stored? What about it's excretion process?

Back 18

In liver; excreted more readily than other fat-soluble vitamins

Front 19

Vitamin C and E are ______ and deal with

Back 19

Antioxidants; lipid peroxidation; production of unstable lipid molecules; major mechanisms of atherosclerosis

Front 20

Where is Vitamin E stored in the body?

Back 20

90% in adipose tissue, remaining is in cell membranes

Front 21

In what forms does Vitamin E exist in?

Back 21

Exists as 2 sets of 4 different compounds (Each)

Front 22

What is the biologically active form of Vitamin E?

Back 22

Alpha-tocopherol

Front 23

What is the function of Vitamin E?

Back 23

Anti-oxidant; deals with oxidative stress (excessive/beyond body's handling capacity; premature aging, cancer, atherosclerosis, cataracts)

Front 24

What are Vitamin E recommendations discussed? (Food Sources)

Back 24

Sunflower seeds (best source) - 1/4 cup = 100% RDA
Almonds, soybean & safflower oils, hazelnuts, fresh strawberries

Front 25

The food storage and preparation of Vitamin E includes

Back 25

Refining wheat - removal of vitamin E - rich germ layer --> sell as supplement
Roasting almonds destroys 80% of vitamin E
Ultraviolet light can screw up oils -- store oil in dark, cool place

Front 26

Vitamin A is 'CxHxOx'? (x = ?)

Back 26

C = 20
H = 30
O = 1

Front 27

What are the three active forms of Vitamin A?

Back 27

1) Retinol - reproduction and bone health
2) Retinal - night and color vision
3) Retinoic Acid - cell growth and differentiation

Front 28

Where and how is Vitamin A stored?

Back 28

90% in liver; stored as retinol linked to palmitic acid, liver maintains a reserve of vitamin A = if exceeded = toxic level

Front 29

Function 1) What does vitamin A have to do with vision?

Back 29

Retinal combines with opsin (receptor in retina) to form rhodopsin which increases sensitivity to light

Front 30

Function 2: What does Vitamin A have to do with cell differentiation?

Back 30

Retinoic acid induces gene transcription; involved in protein synthesis in stem cells

Front 31

Function 3: Vitamin A and immune function?

Back 31

Vitamin A maintains production of T-lymphocytes and induces IgG response in children after immunization

Front 32

Function 4: Vitamin A and reproduction?

Back 32

Involved in final stages of cell differentiation

Front 33

Function 5: Vitamin A and bone development?

Back 33

too little or too much (with supplementation) actives osteoclasts

Front 34

What are Vitamin A food sources?

Back 34

Chicken and beef liver
Cooked carrots
Whole milk products (cheese and butter)
Dark green or orange-yellow veggies

Front 35

Vitamin A toxicity is

Back 35

Rare ... but occurs with large supplementation of fish oils. Children are more vulnerable

Front 36

What are the symptoms associated with Vitamin A toxicity?

Back 36

Fatigue, vomiting, skin disorders, vision problems, liver injury, birth defects