Farmer's History Final Exam Review

Front 1

Kenneth Pomeranz

Back 1

(2000)

Author of great divergence. Speaks about industrial divergence between Britain and China.

Although China and Britain had comparable economies, 3 differences caused Britain to advance while China was left behind.

1) Britain traded with a less advanced periferee than China did. Finished goods for raw materials.

2) Brittain had access to "ghost acres" (crops on colonized land), while China was limited to it's own territory.

3) Britain sat atop of an enormous coal deposit, providing loads of energy for industrial processes.

Pomeranz said all of this in response to the work of Mark Elvin.

Hint 1

3 causes of great divergeance.

Front 2

Mark Elvin

Back 2

(1973)

Said China had fallen into a high-level equilibrium trap. Aging technology. Rise in population created many workers looking for same number of jobs meant lower wages because of supply and demand. Unemployment and poverty rise, less buying.

This was the definitive answer until 2000 with Pomeranz

Hint 2

China's Equilibrium Trap

Front 3

Christopher Isett

Back 3

(2002)

Pointed out that Chinese peasants had control of their land. Long term leases made the immune to market pressures. This was not the case in Britain. Partable inheritance was customary in China, fragmenting estates. In Britain unitarian inheritnce was customary, creating enormous estates. Those left out of land inheritance had to compete for success, while the small fragmented estates in China were complacently worked by complacent heirs.

Large plots in Britain encouraged the developement of farming machinery and thus industrialization. This was further encouraged by the need to feed legions of factory workers.

Hint 3

Small Plots VS Big Plots

Front 4

C.A. Bayly

Back 4

(2004)

More technological and political factors were at play in Great Divergeance. Brits had more advanced legal system. Joint-Stock companies raised enormous amounts of capitol through investors. Joint-Stock companies survived their shareholders as deceased share-holder's families could just cash out and the company continue under leadership of other holders. Family owned businesses in China often fizzled or ended with their owners.

Traveling Chinese merchants were on their own in the event of mishap. British merchants were backed by military.

Hint 4

Legal/Business/Traveling Merchants

Front 5

Jack Goldstone

Back 5

(2008)

Engine science is what drove the divergeance. Steam engine and all of the devices it drove separated Britain and China. Steamboat, Train, Machinery/Generators. Science was supported by gov. and church. Newtonian physics spread and became practicle. Science spread to middle class men such as James Watt

Hint 5

Engine Science

Front 6

Scramble for Africa

Back 6

(1885-1914)

Africa carved up by Europeans throughout this time period. Colonization of Africa was delayed as natural harbors were scarce and river not easily navigated. Ships would anchor off-shore and small boats would handle transport through the surf. Railroads and Steam ships helped to overcome these obstacles.

Egypt took loans from British in order to industrialize. They relied solely on cotton to pay off debts. When southern USA cotton was blockaded due to civil war, the confederates were betting Europe would intercede on their behalf for the cotton but they were getting it from Egypt and Egypt faired very well. When the American civil war ended, prices of cotton dropped and Egypt was in trouble. Brits invaded Egypt seeking re-payment (British merchants backed by gov).

This caused other European countries to be concerned Britain would take the continent like they did in India.

Rather than go to war, European nations held the Berlin Conference in 1885.

Hint 6

Carving up Africa, Cotton, Berlin Conference

Front 7

Berlin Conference

Back 7

(1885)

Conference held between European countries to diplomatically divie up Africa.

Ruled that if country established an effective presence in a region, that region belonged to that country. No Africans were present to discuss this.

These policies accidentally accelerated European occupation of Africa. Many regions were taken by private citizens such as Leopold II.

Hint 7

Divie up Africa

Front 8

Leopold II

Back 8

King of Belgium with plenty of down time. Used time to found an exploration team to central Africa. This are was ruled by Leo as CEO of this company, but not by Belgium.

Hint 8

Ruled Central Africa as CEO

Front 9

Cecil Rhodes

Back 9

(1853-1902)

Founded Debeers in Africa. Diamond company. Although Brit. Gov. was reluctant to colonize, private citizens campaigned for colonization. They enslaved natives, were brutal and openly racist. Families taken hostage and their hands were cutoff if men did not meet their quotas.

Hint 9

Diamonds, slaves

Front 10

Zeng Goufon

Back 10

(1811-72)

Defeated the Taiping rebellion.

Front 11

Li Hongzhang

Back 11

(1823-1901)

Officer in Zeng's army, his protogee. Came to represent all of China to the Western World. Realized need for modernization. Stock-piled western weaponry and encouraged railroads, factories, and western like education. His westernaization efforts failed as confucian scholar became offended and resisted. China then lost a war with Japan and had to pay concessions. They (The Ching) began to crumble as they turned to Europe for loans.

Hint 11

Western China-man

Front 12

Capitulations!

Back 12

Treaty between Britain and the Ottomans.

Hint 12

Treaty, British Otto.

Front 13

Tanzimat

Back 13

(1839) Ottomans westernize. Try to build an Ottoman identity.

Hint 13

Identity

Front 14

Tokugawa Shogunate/daimyo

Back 14

(1600-1868)

Established by Tokugawa family. Worked with Daimyo. Daimyo swore allegiance to the shogun in exchange the shogun would confirm the Daimyo's domain over the land. This made Japan not a state. No national law. Daimyos took care of the law of the land. Shogun did not rule over peasants. Tokugawa shugunate forbade subjects from entering or leaving Japan. This 250 year isolation was a time of peace for Japan. Agriculture and economy dog very well. Japan had its own silver mines and because of isolation, it kept it's silver. Only traded with the Dutch in a limited fashion.

Hint 14

Lords/surfs

Front 15

Mathew Perry

Back 15

(1853-54)

Countries were clamoring for Japan to trade. US sent Perry to negotiate trade. As the first American steam boat commander, he took a floatilla of 4 ships and delivered a letter for the leader of Japan in 1853. in 1854 he returned demanding an answer and threatening force. The japanese conceded to trade with US and soon other cuontries wanted trading privileges as well.

Front 16

Sino-Japanese War

Back 16

In order to avoid being colonized, Japan colonizes. It launches unprovoked attacks on foreign navys and goes to war with China to colonize Taiwan. Europe thought China would win but after a year, China submits to Japan, signing the treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.

Hint 16

Japan kicks butt

Front 17

The Meiji Restoration

Back 17

Japanese feared fate of Japan (opium wars) so Daimyo after Perry did his thing. In response, the Daimyo dismantled the shogunate and restored the emperor in order to unite Japan. The emperor was really just a figurehead however. Modernization took off. Feudal domains were dismantled and replaced by prefactures.

In 1872 Education was westernized and in 1873 a conscripted army was put together.

Hint 17

bye bye Shogun, hello modern.

Front 18

Treaty of Shimonoseki

Back 18

(1895)

China submits to Japan after Sino-Japanese War. Indemnifies China and gives Taiwan to Japan.

Front 19

Russo-Japanese War!

Back 19

(1904)

Russia wanted parts of nothern Chna which Japan controlled. Crossing siberia was a logistical nightmare for the Russians and the Japanese were outnumbered. Situations sucked for both countries. Russia lost and Roosevelt mediated negotiations between the countries in New Hampshire. Neither country was indemnified but Japan was awarded its second over-seas territory, Korea.

Hint 19

Japs get Korea

Front 20

Alexander II

Back 20

(r. 1855-81)

Ruler of Russia. Set forthe the emancipation Manifesto (1861) to free surfs attached to land so they would be free to work elsewhere.

Hint 20

Surfs in Factories

Front 21

Emancipation Manifesto

Back 21

Ruling enacted by Alexander II that allowed Russian gov. to seize surfs from owners through imminent domain. Surfs had to work for their owners for nine years to pay off their freedom. This also freed Russians to serve in the military.

Hint 21

Surfs imminent domain

Front 22

Coolies

Back 22

With slavery abolished throughout the world, laborers were needed and asians rushed to meet the labor need. They were called Coolies. They signed contracts to work for a certain period of time in order to pay for their travels. They wanted to leave because of push factors such as the tai-ping rebellion.

ith slavery abolished throughout the world, laborers were needed and asians rushed to meet the labor need. They were called Coolies. They signed contracts to work for a certain period of time in order to pay for their travels. They wanted to leave because of push factors such as the tai-ping rebellion.

Front 23

The Gold Standard

Back 23

Replaced silver. All foreign currencies were pegged to a fixed amount of gold. Instead of trading all sorts of different currencies gold was traded, facilitating international trade.

Front 24

Samuel F.B. Morse

Back 24

(1791-1872)

Invented the telegraph, enbling communication via wire thorugh the use of electrical pulses. In 1860, it could on ly handle about 10 words/minute and by 1920 it could handle 400 WPM. This enabled buy and sell requests to be sent from London to New York in under 3 minutes. As telegraph lines were built alongside railways, they helped to make railway safer as conductors could communcate to avoid collisions.

Front 25

Sir Sanford Fleming

Back 25

Proposed Standarn Time Zones. local tme was too confusing to use.

Front 26

Demographic Transition

Back 26

(19th-20th centuries)

A term coined by Frank Notestein in 1945. It is a model used to predict a countries transistion into modernity. Constists of 3 Phases.

1) High birth rate, death rate fluctuating near high birth rate. Low population, not increasing.

2)Death rate plummets, birth rate remains high, population soars. This follows industrialization.

3)Birth rates decline and fluctuate near low death rate. Growth plateaus.

This did not occur in the 3rd world until the 20th century. These countries moved through the transition quickly as they had access to modern medicine and such.

Hint 26

3 stages

Front 27

Baby Boom

Back 27

(1946-64)

In the 1930s fertility went into a slump. This was followed by a boom from 1946 till 1964. This fenomenon occured in the westrn world. It hit it's peak in 1950s when many armies demobilized and men returned to their women. This is incorrect. Women married at around 20 years old, baby boom mothers would have been around 8 years old when the soldiers returned so that explanation is nearly certainly untrue. More plausibly this boom was a result of women working in factories when men went off to war, leaving young women struggling for work when the men returned from war, so young women would marry rather than get a job.

Front 28

Richard Easterlin

Back 28

(1926)

Coined the term "Easterlin Effect" reffering to the way a child views their financial circumstances as normal and when the grow to adulthood measure their success on what their parents had.

Hint 28

poor>rich

rich>poor

Front 29

Epidemiological Transition

Back 29

(19th and 20th centuries)

A revolution in health and sanitation. Prior to ths, most deaths were caused by infectious diseases and children were the most likely to die. Cities were breeding grounds for disease as streets were lined with horse manure. Manure dried and turned into airbourne dust, further spreading disease. To prevent this manure was kept wet. Cities smelled terrible. Sewage was taken care of, water treatment plants were developed, chlorinating water. Cleanliness and vaccines almost eliminate death by infectious bacteria. Chronic disease is now more likely to cause death in old age.

Hint 29

deadly poop

Front 30

Miasmic theory

Back 30

Held that disease was spread by bad smells. Disproved by Robert Koch, the founding father of bacteriology.

Although incorrect, it did encourage appropriate practices to prevent the spread of disease.

Hint 30

stinky death

Front 31

Robert Koch

Back 31

(1843-1910)

German doctor. founding father of bacteriology.

Front 32

Joseph Lister

Back 32

(1827-1912)

Realized that sanitation was necessary fo surgery. Listerine named in his honor.

Front 33

Louis Pasteur

Back 33

Invented rabies vaccine. Discovered that microbes cause fermentation (spoiling milk) created the pasteurization process when he doscovered that microbes to not survive high heat.

Front 34

WWI

Back 34

(1914-1918)

10 million killed. Europeans kept relative peace as they balanced each other through diplomacy and a number of alliances. Germans allied with austria-hungary and the ottomans. The French allied with Russia and Britain. As the ottomans began to lose of their Balkan states in Europe, the Blakans turned on each other for control.