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239 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What family do horses belong to?
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Equidae
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What does the family Equidae include?
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Horses, asses, zebras
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What order to horses belong to?
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Perissodactyl
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What does the order perissodactyl include?
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Rhinoceros
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What are the two main types of horse breeds?
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Light and Heavy
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How tall are heavy breeds of horses?
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18-19 hands tall
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How much do heavy breeds of horses weigh?
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2,000-2,400 lbs
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What do heavy breeds of horses look like?
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Thick, heavy boned
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How tall are light breeds of horses?
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14.3-16 hands
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How much do light breeds of horses weigh?
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900-1300lbs
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Are jumping horses a light or heavy breed?
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Light breed
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How high can jumping horses jump?
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6 feet
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Is a thoroughbred a light or heavy breed?
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Light breed
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What is the average 1 mile speed of a thoroughbred?
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40 MPH
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Is the American Quarter Horse a light or heavy breed?
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Light breed
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How fast can the American Quarter Horse dash?
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45 MPH
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What is a horses first impulse to any stimuli?
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Run away
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What is a horses 2nd impulse to a stimuli if they cannot run?
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Kick or bite
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What is one thing to remember about the way horses perceive danger?
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They do not reason and they do not wait to see if the danger is real or not.
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What is one thing to be sure YOU have when working with a horse incase it becomes frightened
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Make sure there is an escape route.
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Which is better in a dangerous situation: a straight stall or a box stall?
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A box stall because there is more room
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Which is worse: a rearing horse or a kicking horse?
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A rearing horse
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What does it mean if a horses ears are pinned back?
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You have three seconds to change the situation, the horse is not happy.
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At what degree do you approach a horse?
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45 degree
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Name three mechanical restraint devices used on horses.
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Twitch, lead shank, halter
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Name the most common two chemical restraints used on horses.
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Acepromazine, Xylazine.
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What effects does Acepromazine have on horses?
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Tranquilizer, excitatory (penis muscles relax) and dilation of blood vessels.
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What effects does xylazine have on horses?
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Analgesic, hypersensitive to noise and legs
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How far can horses see?
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400 yards
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What type of vision do horses have?
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Both monocular and binocular.
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How can you tell which side a horse is concentrating of when he is using monocular vision?
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The ears concentrate on what his eyes concentrate on.
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How do horses judge distance?
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lowering and raising his head
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Why do horses have to raise and lower their head in order to focus on things?
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Their pupils do not dilate to focus things like ours.
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What does a jockey on a jumping horse need to do in order for the horse to be able to see correctly?
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"Give the horse his head"
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How is a horses hearing?
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Well developed
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Why is the horses sense of smell important?
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They remember bad experiences that have to do with certain smells. They also identify their home, friends, and grazing grounds.
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How long/day do horses graze?
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up to 20 hours depending on the weather.
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When cleaning a horses front feet, which side should the assistant be on?
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The same side as the person cleaning
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When cleaning a horses back feet, which side should the assistant be on?
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The opposite side as the person cleaning.
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When cleaning a horses feet, which areas should be paid the most attention to?
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The frog and the area where the bars and hoof wall meet.
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What should be checked when cleaning a horse's foot?
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Thrush, bruises, cracks, shoes.
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When wrapping a horse's leg, why must you groom the leg first?
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If there is mud on the horse's legs, it could cause a lesion.
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What are common wraps needed on horses and why?
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Shipping - Protect from banging
Exercise - prevent injury Standing - straight legs |
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Why would you need to wrap a horses tail?
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Reproduction, castration.
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What is the trade name for Xylezene?
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Rompun
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Where is a horses tattoo located?
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Mucosal side of the upper lip.
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What is a counter irritant used for?
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Can be iodine/pin firing; used for sending blood to sore muscles.
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What does DMSO do?
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Draws out inflamation.
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Why should you wear gloves when using DMSO?
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It will take whatever is ON your skin into your body.
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Why is a tail wrap used during reproduction?
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Horse hair is coarse, and can cut the penis or the vagina and can make mating a unpleasant experience
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What is the order and number or equine incisors?
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two central incisors, two intermediate incisors, two corner incisors.
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What do the teeth of a one week old foal look like?
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Only the temporary central incisors have erupted.
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At six weeks of age, what do a horses teeth look like?
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There are temporary central incisors, and the intermediate incisors have just erupted.
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At 7 months of age, what do a horses teeth look like?
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There are temporary incisors, temporary intermediate incisors and the corner incisors have just erupted.
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At one year of age, what do a horse's teeth look like?
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The central and intermediate temporary incisors are now touching or "in wear"
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At two years of age, what do a horse's teeth look like?
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The central, intermediate, and corner incisors are in wear.
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At three years of age, what do a horse's teeth look like?
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Central, permanent incisors erupt
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At four years of age, what do a horse's teeth look like?
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Central and intermediate permanent incisors erupt.
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At five years of age, what do a horse's teeth look like?
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Central, intermediate, and corner permanent incisors have erupted. Also, if present, canines will erupt.
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At six years of age, what do a horse's teeth look like?
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The cups of the lower central incisors wear causing slight hook.
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At age eight, what does a horse's teeth look like?
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The lower corner incisors are wearing away, lower central incisors show dental star. Upper corner incisor still has a hook
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At age nine, what does a horse's teeth look like?
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The Lower central incisors become more round, the lower central and intermediate show dental star. The upper corner incisors have no hooks.
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At age ten, what does a horse's teeth look like?
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The lower central and intermediate incisors are rounded, all lower incisors have dental stars. Galvayne's groove begins
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at 15 years of age, what do the teeth of a horse look like?
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Teeth beginning to look more triangular, there are no more stars, Galvayne's groove is 1/2 way down.
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Which tooth contains the Galvayne's groove?
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The upper corner incisor.
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At 20 years of age, what do the teeth of a horse look like?
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All lower incisors are triangular, Galvayne's groove is the full length of the tooth.
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At 25 years of age, what do the teeth of a horse look like?
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The Galvayne's groove is beginning to disappear from the top of the tooth.
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At 30 Years of age, what do the teeth of a horse look like?
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The Galvayne's groove is nearly or completely gone from the tooth.
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What three things are generally used to determine a horse's age using his teeth?
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1- If the teeth are permanent or temporary.
2 - If there are dental stars 3 - Where the Galvayne's groove is. |
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What happens to the angle of horse's teeth as they age?
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They become more angled or 'pushed out'.
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What are 3 common dental problems in horses?
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1 - Sharp edges (hooks) on premolars and molars.
2 - Retention of deciduous tooth caps. 3 - Inflamed wolf teeth. |
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What is an easy way to determine if a horse needs dental work, without touching the horse
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Watch it's eating habits
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What is a big disadvantage to pulling out the horse's tongue during a dental exam?
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The sublingual vein can be cut on the horse's teeth.
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Where are the problem areas of a horse's lower premolars and molars?
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The inside of the teeth
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Where is the problem area of a horse's upper premolars and molars?
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The outside of the teeth.
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What is done to correct dental problems like hooks in a horse's teeth?
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Filing with a rhasp.
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From where to where is a horse's height measured?
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From the ground to the high point of the withers.
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In what unit is a horse's height measured in?
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Hands
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In what unit is a pony's height measured in?
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Inches.
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How long is one hand?
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Four inches.
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How is 15.1 hands recorded?
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15 1/4 h
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How is 15.2 hands recorded?
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15 1/2 h
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How is 15.3 hands recorded?
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15 3/4h
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What bones lie beneath the highpoint of the withers?
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The 3rd, 4th, and 5th vertebrae
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How must the horse be positioned in order to get an accurate height?
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The horse must be squared up.
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What vessels can be used to take a pulse in the horse?
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Facial artery, Maxillary artery, Medial artery (forearm), digital artery (stifle). Median coccygeal artery.
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What size tube is used for a nasogastric tube in a horse?
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1/2 - 3/4 OD (outer diameter)
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What equipment is needed for the placement of a stomach tube in a horse?
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Halter, lead rope, tube, twitch, chemical restraint, lubrication, tape (to mark measuring point).
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How do you pass a stomach tube in a horse?
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1 - chemical restraint
2 - measure tube 3 - pass through nose curving downward 4 - about 15 inches in, turn tube so that curvature will go in opposite direction (dorsal) 5 - be sure that the tube ends in the stomach |
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How can you make sure that you are in the esophagus/stomach vs the trachea when placing a stomach tube?
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Blow on tube and listen for gurgles
feel two tubes (1 trachea, 1 stomach tube) in the neck. |
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What is the term used to describe a pregnant mare?
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In foal
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What is the most common way to breed horses?
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Hand breed.
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What does hand-mating involve
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A mare-handler and stallion handlers to control during the breeding process.
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What are three signs that a mare is in heat?
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1 - Strong desire for company (2-3 days prior to heat)
2 - winking of vulva 3 - squatting, frequent urination, lifting tail |
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What is a teasing program?
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A teaser stallion is used to observe the reaction of the mare to ensure that she will except breeding.
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What preparations must be made before horses are bred?
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Both must be washed with warm, soapy water, the mare must have a tail tie.
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How long after breeding should a mare be discouraged to urinate?
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20 minutes
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How can you determine if a breeding has been successful?
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Tease the mare 10 days after breeding for a week. If she is pregnant, she will not come into heat.
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At what point of pregnancy can a mare be rectally checked?
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35-42 days
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What is the more common way to check for pregnancy in a mare (not rectal)
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Pregnancy tests and ultrasound
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What is the normal gestation period of horses?
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11 months (315-370 days)
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What changes occur during the time before parturition of a horse?
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Mammary glands enlarge (4wks)
Muscles around tail head relax (1 wk) Foal drops backward and downward (1wk) Nipples fill with colostrum(5 days) Vulva loosens and opens slightly(3 days) Nipples wax (1 day) |
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How long before parturition of a mare does the mammary gland enlarge?
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Four weeks
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How long before parturition of a horse do the muscles around the tail head relax?
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One week
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How long before parturition of a horse does the foal drop in the abdomen?
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one week
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How long before parturition of a horse do the nipples fill with colostrum?
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5 Days
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How long before parturition of a horse does the vulva loosen and open slightly?
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3 Days
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How long before parturition of a horse do the nipples wax?
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1 Day
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12 hours before parturition, what signs will a mare exhibit?
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Seclusion, pacing, confusion, paws floor of stall, mild sweating, looking at abdomen, dripping of colostrum from nipples.
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During stage one of delivery of a foal, what happens?
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Cervix dilates.
mare is restless, may roll due to pain, tail is elevated Mare will act like she is colicking. |
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What can be done to determine if a mare is really about to give birth or if she is colicing?
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Give her good hay
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In what stage of foaling does the cervix dilate?
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Stage one
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What happens during stage two of foaling?
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Water sac breaks
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During what stage of foal delivery does the water sac break?
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Stage two
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What is the purpose of the water sac breaking during delivery?
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Lubrication of birth canal.
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How long before delivery does the water sac break?
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10-30 minutes before birth
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What should you try do in the stall when the water breaks?
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Re-bed the stall
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What happens during stage three of delivery?
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Birth.
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During what stage of delivery does the actual birth occur?
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Stage three
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During birth, how should the forefeet of the foal appear?
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side by side, soles facing downward
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What should be done if the foals hips get stuck at the mares hips?
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Wiggle
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How long does the birthing process of a horse take?
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20-30 minutes
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What happens during stage four of delivery?
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Sheds placenta or afterbirth
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How long after birth should the placenta be delivered?
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within 30 minutes
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What should be done with the afterbirth of horses?
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It should be examined to ensure that it is complete.
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During what stage of delivery is the placenta shed?
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4th stage
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What are hippomanes?
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On placenta; green/gray protein nodules.
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What are three problems that you should look at when examining a foal for the first time?
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1 - Cleft lip
2 - entropion (eyelids fold inward) 3 - overbite/underbite |
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What does the foal need to pass within 24 hours?
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Meconium
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What helps the foal to pass meconium?
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Colostrum
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How long after birth should a foal pass Meconium?
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within 24 hours
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If a foal has not passed meconium within 24 hours, what should you do?
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Enema
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Why does the foal need to pass meconium?
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The meconium plugs the rear digestive tract and if it is not passed the animal will get 'backed up'
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If a foal is orphaned, what should be done immediately after birth?
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Colostrum must be given
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Why might a foal NEED colostrum from another mare, even if his mother is healthy?
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Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
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What is neonatal isoerythrolysis?
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Mother's colostrum has antibodies that fight against the inherited blood type (from the stallion) that the foal has. It can result in anemia. similar to fading kitten syndrome.
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When the foal is a week or less of age, how much and how often should he be getting fed?
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6-8oz every hour
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During a foals second week of life, how much and how often should he be getting fed?
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16-24oz every 3 hours
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During a foals 3rd and 4th weeks of life, how much and how often should he be getting fed?
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24-32oz every four hours
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During a foal's 5th week of life, how much and how often should he be fed?
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32-48oz every six hours
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During weaning, how much and how often should a foal be getting fed?
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every 6 hours, no more than 48oz/day
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When should a foal be completely weaned?
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at 2-6 months of age
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When should weaning be initiated?
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start at 2-3 weeks old, increasing gradually in creep feeder.
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During castration of a horse, what kind of chemical restraint is used?
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local anesthetics, and general sedation.
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How should an emsaculator be placed on the horse?
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Nut to nut
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What is meant by Cryptorchid?
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The horse has one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) testicles being carried inside the abdomen.
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What is meant by the term 'proud cut'?
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A horse has left a portion of the testicular tissue in the abdomen.
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What are the six main kinds of parasites that are of concern in horses?
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Strongyle
Ascarids bots Pinworms Tapeworms Strongyloides |
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What is a common strongyle found in horses?
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Strongylus vulgaris (blood worm)
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How do bot eggs hatch?
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The horse will breath on them
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How do you obtain pinworm eggs on a horse?
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Scotch-tape method
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What is the number one cause of colic in UPenn?
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Tapeworms
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What do strongyloides (thread worms) cause in humans?
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Dermatitis
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How do you determine how badly infested with parasites a horse herd is?
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Bearman technique
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What are the seven MAJOR dewormer categories?
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1 - Simple Heterocyclic Compounds
2 - Benzimidazoles 3 - Imidozothiazoles 4 - Tetrahydrophyrimidines 5 - Organophosphates 6 - Phenylguanidines 7 - Avermectines |
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What category of dewormers does Piperazine belong to?
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The simple Heterocyclic compounds
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What category of dewormers does thiabendazone belong to?
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The Benzimidazoles
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What category of dewormers does mebendazole belong to?
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The Benzimidazoles
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What category of dewormers does fenbendazole belong to?
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The Benzimidazoles
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What is the trade name for fenbendazole?
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Panacur
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What category of dewormers does cambendazole belong to?
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The benzimidazoles.
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What category of dewormers does Oxfendazole belong to?
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The benzimidazoles.
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What category of dewormers does oxibendazole belong to?
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The benzimidazoles.
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What category of dewormers does Levamisole belong to?
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The imidozothiazoles.
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What category of dewormers does pyrantel pamoate belong to?
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The Tetrahydrophyrimidines.
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What category of dewormers does pyrantel tartrate belong to?
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The tetrahydrophyrimidines.
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What is the common name for the combination of pyrantel tartrate and pamoate?
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Strongid plus
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What is Levamisole commonly used for?
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Sheep,
heaves in horses |
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What category of dewormers does dichlorvos belong to?
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The Organophosphates.
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What category of dewormers does Moxidectin belong to?
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The organophosphates.
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What category of dewormers does febantel belong to?
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The Phenylguanidines.
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What category of dewormers does Ivermectin belong to?
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The Avermectins.
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What category of dewormers does Moxidectin belong to?
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The Avermectins.
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Why must you rotate dewormers throughout the year?
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Resistance
Some dewormers work well on one kind of parasite and not well on others. |
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What does the deworming category the avermectins protect against?
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Bots
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When do you use avermectins (what months)
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August (after eggs appear) then again in November (after adults are killed from frost)
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True or false: Picking up and disposing manure daily helps to reduce parasites
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True
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True or false: You should deworm your horses one at a time, with a break in between each individual.
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False
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True or false: You should deworm all the horses at the same time
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True
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What is the exception when making sure that feeds are kept in mangers and buckets and not on the ground
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Creep feeders
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How often should you rotate dewormers
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quarterly
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What is the common name for streptococcus equi?
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Strangles
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What is the proper name for strangles?
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streptococcus equi
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On what part of the body does strangles attack?
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lymph nodes of the throat
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How is streptococcus equi spread?
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Pussy secretions (rub on fence, drained in water)
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What is the best treatment for strangles?
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Penicillin
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What can be used to ease the symptoms of streptococcus equi?
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Hot packs and poultices like mustard or icthamal.
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True or false: strangles is usually a fatal condition
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False
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If a horse is exhibiting the following signs: fever, depression, anorexia, nasal discharge, and abscesses on the throat, what might he have?
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Strangles
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What part of the body does equine protozoal myeloencephalitis affect?
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The sheaths of the nerves/brain
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What is the causitive agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?
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sarcocystis neurona
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What does sarcocystis neurona cause?
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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.
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What is the common treatment for equine protozoal myeloencephalitits?
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NSAIDs + DMSO
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What tests are available for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?
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Western Blot and PCR
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What is a PCR?
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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What are NSAIDs used for
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
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What is the real name of DMSO?
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Dimethyl Sulfoxide
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What is the number one symptom of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?
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Ataxia, Unilateral
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If and animal is unilateral, what does that mean?
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When their foot is placed in an awkward position they cannot right it.
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What kind of disease is eastern equine encephalitis?
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It is a Virus
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How is eastern equine encephalitis spread to animals?
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The mosquito
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How are mosquitoes infected with eastern equine encephalitis?
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By sucking blood from infected birds.
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What are the clinical signs of eastern equine encephalitis?
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Unsteadiness, erratic behavior and marked loss of coordination, seizures, death.
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If you go to a farm and see a horse that is exhibiting the following signs: wobbly, very erratic,uncoordinated, and having seizures, what might this horse have?
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eastern equine encephalitis.
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What is the treatment for eastern equine encephalitis?
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There is no treatment.
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What are the two variations of equine encephalitis?
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Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE)
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) |
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What is the viral disease that causes blisters on the tongue, mouth, teats and coronary bands?
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Vesicular stomatitis
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What type of disease is vesicular stomatitis?
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A virus
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What kind of environment does vesicular stomatitis?
|
Warm environment (South West)
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How is vesicular stomatitis spread?
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It is unknown.
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What is the treatment for vesicular stomatitis?
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Supportive care.
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How do you diagnose vesicular stomatitis?
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The virus needs to be isolated from the horse's vesicles or the tissue around the vesicles.
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What must be done once a horse is diagnosed with vesicular stomatitis?
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It must be reported.
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Is African horse sickness infectious?
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Yes, it is very infectious
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What kind of disease is African horse sickness?
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It is a virus.
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How is African horse sickness spread?
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Biting insects.
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How common is African horse sickness in the U.S.?
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It has not been seen in the U.S. yet.
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What is a common name for Equine infectious anemia?
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Swamp fever.
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What is swamp fever?
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Equine infection anemia.
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What type of disease is equine infectious anemia?
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It is a virus.
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If a horse is exhibiting weakness, edemas of: legs, brisket, and lower abdomen; and anemia...what might he have?
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equine infectious anemia
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What is the name of the test used for equine infectious anemia?
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The Coggins test.
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Why would you need to perform a coggins test on a healthy horse?
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If the horse is being shipped or sold.
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What are the options for a horse that is positive for equine infectious anemia?
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Quarantine for life, or euthanasia.
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How is equine infectious anemia spread?
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Biting insects, dirty needles.
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If a horse is exhibiting stiffness, fever, muscle pain, and swollen joints, what might he have?
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Lyme disease.
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What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
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Borrelia Burgdorferi
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How is Lyme disease diagnosed
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Clinical signs, blood test for antibodies.
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What should be remembered about the test for Lyme disease?
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It only shows exposure, and it makes the disease commonly misdiagnosed.
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What is the treatment for Lyme disease?
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Antibiotics
Usually tetraclycline (penicillin) |
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How can you prevent Lyme disease?
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Reduce contact with ticks.
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What is the causative agent of tetanus?
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Clostridium tetani from the soil.
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If a horse is exhibiting the following signs: a sawhorse stance, muscle spasms, and the third eyelid is covering 1/2 of the eye, what might he have?
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Tetanus.
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What is the treatment for tetanus?
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Euthanasia.
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What kind of disease is equine influenza?
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It is a virus
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How is equine influenza spread?
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Inhalation of infected droplets.
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If a horse is exhibiting the following signs: sudden fever, dry cough, nasal discharge, weakness, anorexia and depression, what might he have?
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equine influenza
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What is the disease that causes upper respiratory diseases or abortion in horses?
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Equine viral rhinopneumonitis.
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How can you prevent rhinopneumonitis?
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Vaccinations @ 5,7,9 months of pregnancy
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