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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of an abortion in a cow?
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The expulsion of a dead or non-viable calf before 260 days gestation.
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What are the 3 most common abortive causes?
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Neospora
Bacillus Leptospira |
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What percent is the cut of for "allowable" levels of abortion?
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5%
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What bits of animal should be sent to the lab for abortion investigation?
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Whole foetus
Placenta with cotyledons Lesions and normal tissue Maternal blood sample |
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If the whole foetus cannot be sent into the lab for investigation, what should be?
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Aseptically collected foetal stomach contents
Pleural or peritoneal fluid Liver Lung Thymus Blood |
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Four categories of bovine infertility?
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Functional
Anatomical Infectious Management |
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What is the campylobacter spp involved in abortion?
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Campylobacter foetus var venerealis
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How is CAMPY spread?
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It's natural habitat is on the prepuce, glans penis and distal urethra of infected bulls. It gets spread through mechanical transmission.
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What systemic disease do females infected with CAMPY get?
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None except maybe a mild endometritis and cervicitis with a mucopurulent vag discharge.
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Around what month do cows with CAMPY abort?
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Around 4-7 months and have RFM; sometimes preg survives to term
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Classically, what will a CAMPY cow present as?
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A repeat breeder
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Do cows dvp immunity to CAMPY?
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Yes, after 3-6 months. Bulls are permanently infected.
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How is CAMPY diagnosed?
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Isolation from post-service discharges or bacterial culture of bull semen (or virgin heifer test)
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What is the abortion rate for CAMPY?
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Seldomly exceeds 10%
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Sequellae of CAMPY infection?
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Endometritis or salphingitis
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Control of CAMPY?
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AI stock
Run clean and dirty herds Cull bulls |
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Treatment of CAMPY?
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Females usually not tx but IU streptomycin or penicillin will shorten course of disease
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If the farmer doesnt want to cull his CAMPY bull, what needs to occur before he can be used again?
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Must have 4 negative virgin heifer tests or lab tests.
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Is Brucella eradicated from UK?
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Yes, 1983 but outbreaks have occured recently
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How is BRUCELLA spread?
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Ingestion - replicates in reg LN with a following bacteraemia followed by colonisation of supermammary LN, mammary gland and uterus. Hits uterus by 2nd trimester.
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How does BRUCELLA cause abortion?
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Placental disruption and endotoxaemia
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Is BRUCELLA shed after abortion?
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Yes, in fluids and faeces for about 3 weeks
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What are the CS of BRUCELLA abortion?
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No systemic disease - abortion is only real sign. Rarely there is mastitis and lameness and bulls can get orchitis.
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Do cows dvp immunity to BRUCELLA?
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No - usually only abort once but remain infected and excrete as carriers.
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What are BRUCELLA foetuses like?
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Can be born dead or alive - some have signs of bronchopneumonia
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How is BRUCELLA diagnosed?
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Serology and culture (milk, foetus, vagina)
Cotyledon smears (will find placentitis and necrotic thickened inter-c area). Autolysis will obscure foetal lesions. |
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What does BHV-1 cause?
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IBR, which causes respiratory disease, milk drop and abortion
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How is IBR spread and what happens depending on time of infection?
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Inhalation
If at service or AI can lead to repeaters or abortion If later in preg may lead to stillborn or non-viable calves |
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What time is the cow most susceptible to IBR abortion?
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5-6 months
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What % of IBR cows experience repro issues?
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50%
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How is IBR eradicated?
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Test and cull, as the virus can become latent and shed randomly when the animal is stressed.
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What are foetal lesions like in IBR?
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Renal haemorrhagic oedema
General organ necrosis Thickened amnion |
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How is IBR diagnosed?
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Virus isolation from placenta, ID of intranuclear inclusion bodies in foetal tissues or serum pairings
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Vaccination for IBR?
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Intra-nasal or IM with an annual or biannual booster
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Main VIRAL causes of bovine abortion? Most important listed FIRST.
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BVDV
BHV-1 PI3 Transmissible viral papillomatosis |
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Main BACTERIAL abortive causes in bovines.
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Leptospira
Brucella Campylobacter Bacillus Salmonella Listeria A. pyogenes |
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Briefly explain the NEOSPORA lifecycle.
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Definitive hosts are dogs/foxes which shed oocysts in their faeces - these are picked up by moos. There is also vertical transmission from cow to calf! BIG DEAL.
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What are the economic losses regarding NEOSPORA?
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Loss of CALF
Milk loss Culling increased |
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What is the month range for abortion in NEOSPORA?
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3-8 months
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What happens when cows are infected EARLY and LATE preg with NEOSPORA?
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Early - later abortion
Late - full term, clinically normal carrier calf (PI!) |
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What happens when a PI animal in NEOSPORA cases gets preg?
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Either abortion from month 3 on, stillbirth, alive calf with neuro signs OR a PI normal calf.
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How is NEOSPORA diagnosed?
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Pathology - non-inflam necrotic foci in CNS, bradyzoites in mycardium and liver, necrotic placental lesions
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How is NEOSPORA controlled?
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No vacc, no tx. Prevent canine-bovine contact. Can try culling seropositive cows or do nothing in low prevalence herds. You really cannot control completely.
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Name a few RANDOM causes of abortion to consider.
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Q fever
Aspergillus Mycoplasma Epizootic bovine abortion |
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How is BVD spread?
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Mostly through direct contact with viraemic animals and inhalation or ingestion of virus. Fomites and AI tubes as well.
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What happens when cows are infected with BVD under 110 days of gestation?
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PI calf born bc of failure of foetus to recognise virus as foreign. Sometimes also see mummification and abortion.
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What happens when cows are infected with BVD between 90-150 days gestation?
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Usually congenital abnormalities as well as abortion.
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What happens when cows are infected with BVD over 150 days?
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Usually gives weak/premature calves as well as abortion.
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When does abortion from LEPTO normally occur?
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3-12 weeks following acute infection
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How is LEPTO spread?
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Bacterial penetration of mm or skin; venereally from bulls.
SHEEP are maintenance hosts! |
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What CS can LEPTO cause?
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Abortion
Infertility Milk Drop |
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What does the foetus look like in LEPTO?
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Autolysed, icteric and oedematous.
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Main types of LEPTO?
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Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo
Leptospira borgspetersenii serovar Hardjo |
