Farm Animal

Front 1

In pigs, what approach is used to fix scrotal, inguinal hernias?

Back 1

castration approach

Front 2

What makes up the superficial inguinal ring?

Back 2

it is a split in aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique

Front 3

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?

Back 3

ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of the genitalfemoral nerve, and the spermatic cord(cremaster m, testicular vessels, pamipiniform plexus, lymphatic vessels)

Front 4

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

Back 4

ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, round uterine ligament and lymphatic vessels

Front 5

What is the most common cause of esophageal disorders in the bovine?

Back 5

foreign body obstruction

Front 6

What is the measurement of the bovine versus the ovine esophagus?

Back 6

bovine- 90 to 105 cm
ovine- 45 cm, about 1/2 the size of the bovine esophagous

Front 7

Explain the anatomical position of the esophagus?

Back 7

cranial (1/3)- esophagus is dorsal to trachea
3-6th cervical vertebrae- esophagus moves to the left of the trachea
thoracic inlet- esophagus is dorsolateral to the trachea

Front 8

what are the structures that accompany the cervical esophagus?

Back 8

carotid sheath, recurrent laryngeal nerve, tracheal lymphatic trunk, and deep cervical lymph nodes

Front 9

what are the four layers that comprise the esophagus?

Back 9

outer advential layer (tunica adventitia)
muscular layers (tunica muscularis)
submucosa (tela submucosa)
mucosal layer (tunica mucosa)

Front 10

What is the blood supply of the esophagus?

Back 10

cranial thyroid, common carotid, bronchoesophageal, and reticular aa

Front 11

What is the venous drainage of the esophagus?

Back 11

branches of the cranial and middle thyroid veins, the caudal part of the external jugular vein, crainal vena cava which drain into the azygous, reticular and left ruminal veins

Front 12

What nerves innervate the esophagus?

Back 12

Cranial- esophageal branches of the vagus nerve
Caudal- esophageal branches of the recurrent laryngeal and vagal nerves

Front 13

Where is a visible and palpable bulge evident when a bolus is swallowed?

Back 13

in the left jugular groove

Front 14

What are two main causes of extraluminal choke?

Back 14

lymphosarcoma and abcesses

Front 15

What are the structures with anatomical significance in relation to the esophagus?

Back 15

recurrent laryngeal nerve, dorsal and ventral vagal trunk, and caudal mediastinal lymph nodes

Front 16

Where are 4 common places where choke occurs?

Back 16

pharnygeal-esophageal jxn, thoracic inlet, base of the heart, cranial to the cardiac of the stomach

Front 17

Why is esophageal obstruction an emergency in the bovine?

Back 17

b/c the animal can not eructate gas (ruminal burps) therefore getting enlarged pushing on the diaphragm making it hard for the animal to breathe

Front 18

How do you relieve the bloat in an animal with an esophageal blockage?

Back 18

trocharize to relieve the pressure

Front 19

What clinical signs seen in an animal with esophageal obstruction?

Back 19

retching, salivation, animal has head and nexk distended, coughing, protruding tongue, anxiousness, agitation and dehydration

Front 20

Due to salivation in animals with esophageal obstruction, what metabolic state are we most likely to find?

Back 20

metabolic acidosis- cow is losing sodium and bicarb, hypokalemia and hyponatremia

Front 21

How much saliva does a normal, healthy cow produce a day?

Back 21

30 L/day

Front 22

How do you diagnosis esophageal obstruction?

Back 22

palpate/visualize, endoscopy, radiography, ultrasound examination

Front 23

Which diagnostic procedure is best in identifying whether there is esophageal necrosis?

Back 23

endoscopy

Front 24

What is the method of choice for evaluating bovine esophageal disorders?

Back 24

esophagraphy

Front 25

What is esophagraphy?

Back 25

contrast administration in the esophagus with barium suspension

Front 26

What is Fluoroscopy used for in diagnosing the bovine esophagus?

Back 26

evaluate the swallow reflex

Front 27

When would you use barium paste over a barium suspension in evaluating the esophagus with contrast administration?

Back 27

barium paste is preferred if a mucosal ulceration is suspected b/c the paste coats and better delineates the mucosal surface

Front 28

Why is iodinated contrast medium used over barium suspension in evaluating the esophagus?

Back 28

barium causes granulomatous response if it dissects the soft tissues, there iodinated contrast medium can be considered if esophageal perforation is suspected.

Front 29

Why is a stomach tube not passed when evaluating the esophagus?

Back 29

it can induce/cause esophageal ruptures

Front 30

What are some RULE OUTS when evalutating an esophageal obstruction case?

Back 30

#1- Rabies, botulism, tetnaus, plant toxicity (milkweed, sneezeweed, larkspur), BVD, abcesses, mycotic/bacterial stomatitis, pharynegeal trauma

Front 31

What approach is used for performing a cervical esophatomy?

Back 31

a lateral or a ventro-lateral approach

Front 32

What procedure is normally preformed on the thoracic esophagus?

Back 32

a left sided rib resection

Front 33

The proximity of what structure can have deleterious effects on manipulation of the esophagus?

Back 33

the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 34

Which layer(s) provides the greastest tensile strength during esophageal closure?

Back 34

the inner layer: composed of the mucosa and the submucosa

Front 35

T/F: Primary esophageal closure is a 4-layer technique?

Back 35

False: 2- layer technique

Front 36

Describe the closure of the esophgagus?

Back 36

- the mucosa and the submucosa are closed together(synthetic monofilament material-long last absorable/nonabsorable- simple interrupted/simple continuous) with the knots tied within the esophageal lumen
- the muscular layer closed with an absorable or nonabsorable noncapillary suture-simple interrupted or mattress pattern
- a suction drain is placed to allow evacuation of contaminated exudate

Front 37

Why are the knots tied within the esophgeal lumen when closing the esophagus? What is the name of this technique?

Back 37

to prevent contamination of the wound by ingesta moving along the suture tracts, known as the buried knot technique

Front 38

Why is a suction drain important when closing the esophagus?
what drainage is preferred?

Back 38

it allows evacuation of contaminated exudate, if not there will be asceptics which can lead to massive cellulitis, ventral drainage is preferred

Front 39

What intention will the esophagus mostly heal?

Back 39

Second intention healing

Front 40

What are common sources of "choke" in the bovine?

Back 40

incomplete mastication and rapid ingestion of potato, apple, turnips, corn on cob, cabbage, beats

Front 41

What happens if an esophagraphy is preformed if there is an obstruction in the cranial portion of the esophagus?

Back 41

the obstruction will be delinated and the contrast medium may be detected in the trachea because of aspiration

Front 42

How can contrast radiography be used to determine an intra versus extra esophoageal mass?

Back 42

in an extra-esophageal mass, the esophagus would be deviated ventrally with mild dilation and the contrast medium would detect gas in the cervical esophagus and there would be difficulty swallowing the medium

Front 43

What are treatment alternative to surgery for obtaining the obstruction in "choke" cases?

Back 43

1. warm water lavage
2. manipulate the obstruction bringing it to the oral cavity (external massage)
3. wire snare (for distal obstructions)

Front 44

What are some surgery techniques that can be preformed in "choke" cases?

Back 44

1. if mass is a thoracic inlet- rumenotomy and reach for obstruction or a partial rib resection
2. esophagotomy or esophagomyotomy

Front 45

What is important to remember when using the warm water lavage technique to remove an obstruction?

Back 45

remember to use xyaline for a light sedation and keep the animals head down inorder to prevent aspiration pneumonia