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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuro cell types (w/ origin)
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CNS neurons (neuroectoderm)
Ependymal cells (neuroectoderm) Oligodendocytes (neuroectoderm) Astrocytes (neuroectoderm) Schwann cells (neural crest) PNS neurons (neural crest) Microglia (mesoderm) |
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Neuro cell origins
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Neuroectoderm
Neural crest Mesoderm |
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Sensory receptor types (w/ fxn and location)
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C nerve endings – slow pain/temp, all skin
Adelta nerve endings – fast pain/temp, all skin Meissners corpuscles – dynamic touch (rapid adapt), hairless skin Pacinian corpuscles – vibration/pressure, deep skin/joints Merkels disks – static touch (slow adapt), hair follicles |
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PNS layers
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Endoneurium – single nerve fiber
Perineurium – fascicle Epineurium – entire nerve |
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Main NT types (w/ location of synthesis)
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NE – locus ceruleus
Da – ventral tegmentum, substantia nigra 5HT – raphe nucleus ACh – Nucleus Basalis (Meynert) GABA – Nucleus accumbens (glycine…) |
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NTΔ in anxiety
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↑NE
↓5HT ↓GABA |
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NTΔ in Depression
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↓NE
↓Da ↓5HT |
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NTΔ in Schizophrenia
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↑Da
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NTΔ in Parkinsons
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↓Da
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NTΔ in Alzheimers
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↓ACh
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NTΔ in Huntingtons
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↓ACh
↓GABA |
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NTΔ in REM sleep
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↓ACh
3 structures that form BBB |
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3 main blood barriers
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BBB
Blood-testis barrier Maternal-fetal blood barrier (placenta) |
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BBB crossing mech (by chemical type)
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Glucose/amino acids – slow, carrier-mediated
Nonpolar/lipid – rapid, diffusion |
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3 brain areas w/ fenestrated capillaries
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Area postrema
OVLT Neurohypophysis (enter circulation) |
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Hypothalamic anatomical sections/nuclei (w/ fxn)
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Supraoptic nucleus – ADH
Paraventricular nucleus – oxytocin Lateral area – hunger (inhibited by leptin) Ventromedial area – satiety (stimulated by leptin) Anterior – cooling, parasympathetic Posterior – heating, sympathetic Septal nucleus – sexual urges Suprachiasmatic nucleus – circadian rhythm |
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Hypothalamus fxns
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Thirst/water
Anterior Pituitary regulation Posterior Pituitary hormone production/storage/release Hunger ANS regulation Temperature regulation Sexual urges |
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones (w/ HT projection)
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ADH – supraoptic
Oxytocin – paraventricular |
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Thalamus anatomical sections/nuclei (w/ fxn)
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LGN – visual
MGN – auditory VPL – sensation (body) VPM – sensation (face, CN V) VL (and VA?) – motor |
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Blood Supply of Thalamus
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PComm
PCA AICA? |
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Components of limbic system
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~5 Fs
Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Fornix Mammillary bodies |
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Deep Nuclei of Cerebellum (lateral medial)
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Dentate
Emboliform Globose Fastigial |
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Dopamine input in BG pathways
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~Da from Substantia nigra
~Da binds striatum (caudate + putamen) D1 – excitatory pathway stimulation = ↑motion D2 – inhibitory pathway inhibition = ↑motion |
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Parkinsons Dz
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-pres – resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
-micro – lewy bodies = a-synuclein -gross – depigmentation of substantia nigra (pars compacta) -pathophys – loss of Da (see BG pathways) |
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Hemiballismus
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-Def – wild flailing of 1 arm +/- leg
-Path – lesion of contralateral subthalamic nucleus -Pathophys – loss of inhibition of thalamus (see BG pathway) |
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Huntingtons Dz
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-genetics – AD 3NTP (CAG), Chr. 4
-pathophys – glutamate/NMDA toxicity neuronal death loss of caudate ACh and GABA -path – caudate atrophy, putamen atrophy, enlarged lateral ventricles, defined sulci -pres – chorea, depression, progressive dementia -epi – 20-50yo |
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Chorea
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-def – sudden, jerky, purposeless mvmts
-path – BG lesion |
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Athetosis
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-def – slow, writhing mvmts, especially fingers
-path – BG lesion |
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Myoclonus
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-def – sudden, brief muscle contraction
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Dystonia
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-def – sustained, involuntary muscle contraction
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3 types of tremor (w/ def)
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Essential/postural – action tremor, worse when holding posture (AD genetics?)
Resting tremor – especially distally (think PD) Intention tremor – zigzag when pointing (think cerebellar lesion) |
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Essential postural tremor
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-genetics – AD
-Tx – b-blockers, many pt use EtOH |
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Frontal Lobe Fxns
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Planning
Inhibition Concentration Orientation Language Abstraction Judgment Motor regulation Mood |
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Homonculus Schematic (3 parts)
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Head – near Sylvian fissure (most middle/posterior)
Arms – between head and legs Legs – near Central sulcus (most anterior) |
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Bilateral Amygdala lesion
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibition)
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Frontal lobe lesion
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disinhibition, ↓attn, ↓orientation, ↓judgement, +/- primitive reflexes
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R. parietal lobe lesion
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spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of contralateral world)
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Reticular activating system/midbrain lesion
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coma
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Bilateral Mammillary bodies lesion
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (confusion, ophthalamoplegia, ataxia, memory loss, confabulation, personality Δ)
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Basal ganglia lesion
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resting tremor, chorea, athetosis
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Cerebellar hemisphere lesion
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intention tremor, limb ataxia, ipsilateral fall
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Cerebellar vermis lesion
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truncal ataxia, dysarthria
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Subthalamic nucleus lesion
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contralateral hemiballismus
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Hippocampal lesion
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anterograde amnesia
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PPRF lesion
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eyes look away from lesion
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Frontal eye fields lesion
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eyes look toward lesion
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Central Pontine Myelinolysis
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-pres – acute paralysis, dysarthria, diplopia, LOC
-causes – rapid correction of hyponatremia |
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Recurrent laryngeal N. injury
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-pathophys – loss of all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
-pres – hoarseness |
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Aphasia
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-def – higher order inability to speak
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Dysarthria
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-def – motor inability to speak
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Brocas Aphasia
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-Sx – non-fluent aphasia, intact comprehension
-path – Broca lesion (inferior frontal gyrus) |
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Wernickes aphasia
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-Sx – fluent aphasia, impaired comprehension
-path – Wernicke lesion (superior temporal gyrus) |
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Global aphasia
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-Sx – non-fluent aphasia, impaired comprehension
-path – Broca and Wernicke lesions |
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Conduction aphasia
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-Sx – poor repetition, fluent speech, intact comprehension
-path – Arcuate fasciculus lesion |
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3 cerebral arteries (w/ cortical distribution)
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ACA – lateral 1/8 anterior, medial ½ anterior
MCA – lateral ¾ middle, medial nil PCA – lateral 1/8 posterior (occipital), medial ½ posterior ~middle cerebral is mostly lateral, ACA/PCA are mostly medial |
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Schematic of Circle of Willis
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Basilar System
-2 vertebrals -PICA comes off each -Anterior Spinal forms confluence from each -Basilar forms from each joining -AICA comes off -SCA (superior cerebellar) comes off near end -PCA comes off at end Anterior System -2 Internal Carotids -MCA -lateral stria -ACA Communicating arteries -AComm – joins the two ACAs -2 PComms – joins PCA to MCA CN involvement -CN II/optic chiasm – near ICA, MCA, ACA -CN III – near PCA, PComm |
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Neural Vasculature supply
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ASA – medial medulla
PICA – lateral medulla AICA – lateral inferior pons PCA – occipital cortex MCA – sensory & motor cortex (head and arms), Broca area ACA – medial/anterior brain, sensory & motor cortex (legs) AComm – CN II/optic chiasm PComm – CN III Lateral striate – internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus (separately from another?) Basilar - ?? |
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Berry Aneurysm
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-location – Circle of Willis Bifurcation (AComm #1)
-path (of rupture) – hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage -Dz RF – Adult PCKD, Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan -RF - ↑age, HTN, smoking, blacks |
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Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms
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-location – small vessels (basal ganglia, thalamus)
-RF – chronic HTN |
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Epidural Hematoma
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-anatomy/pathophys – rupture of middle meningeal A. (high pressure)
-cause – fracture of temporal bone -pres – lucid interval, CN III palsy -imaging – biconvex, does not cross suture lines, can cross falx/tentorium |
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Subdural Hematoma
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-anatomy/pathophys – rupture of bridging veins (low pressure)
-pres – delayed Sx -cause – trauma, shaking, whiplash, trauma -epi – elderly, alcoholics -imaging – crescent, crosses suture lines, gyri preserved, cannot cross falx/tentorium |
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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-cause – aneurysm, AVM
-pres – “worst headache” -CSF – bloody/yellow (xanthrochromic) tap -future risk – vasospasm in 2-3 days -Tx – CCB (for vasospasm) |
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Parenchymal hematoma
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-location – basal ganglia, internal capsule
-causes – HTN, amyloid angiopathy, DM, tumor |
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Time until ischemic nerve damage is irreversible
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5 min
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5 stages of irreversible neuronal damage (w/ time)
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Red neuron - 12-48 hrs
Necrosis/neutrophils - 1-3 days Macrophages - 3-5 days Reactive gliosis/vascular proliferation – 1-2 wks Glial scar – 2 wks |
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Atherosclerosis CNS path
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cystic cavity w/ reactive gliosis
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Hemorrhagic stroke causes
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Aneurysm rupture
Reperfusion after ischemic stroke |
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Ischemic stroke
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-pathophys – emboli block large vessels
-etiologies – Afib, carotid dissection, PFO, endocarditis -Tx – TPA w/in 3 hrs |
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Lacunar stroke
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-def – ischemic stroke of small vessels
-etiology – HTN |
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TIA
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-pres – reversible neurological dysfxn that lasts < 24 hrs
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Stroke imaging (type, timing, color)
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MRI (diffusion weighted) – bright, 3-30 min until 10 days
CT – dark, 24 hrs (remains?) |
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Bloodflow of cerebral venous system
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Cerebral veins
Venous sinuses Internal jugular vein |
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Dural venous sinuses/schematic (later…)
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Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus Cavernous sinus – drains eye and superficial cortex Straight sinus Occipital sinus Confluence of sinuses Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus Internal Jugular V. |
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Location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations
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superior sagittal sinus
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CSF flow schematic
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Production – choroid plexus
Lateral Ventricles Ventricular foramen of Monroe 3rd ventricle Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius 4 ventricle Lateral foramina (2?) of Luschka/Medial foramen of Magendie Subarachnoid space Reabsorption – arachnoid granulations |
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Types of Hydrocephalus (w/ def)
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Normal pressure – expansion (slow?) of ventricles
Communicating - ↓CSF absorption Obstructive/noncommunicating – CSF blockage w/in ventricular system (4th V and up?) Hydrocephalus ex vacuo – atrophy ↑CSF appearance |
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Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
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-pathophys – ventricular expansion crushes fibers of corona radiate
-pres – dementia, ataxia, urinary incontinence -Tx – VP shunt? |
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Communicating hydrocephalus triad
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↑ICP
Papilledema Herniation |
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Causes of Hydrocephalus ex vacuo
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Alzheimers Dz
Advanced HIV Picks Dz |
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Most common location of vertebral disk herniation
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L5/S1
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Most common location of spinal tap
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L3-4 or L4-5
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Spinal nerve schematic
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Exit location
-C1-7 – above vertebra -C8-Coccy – below vertebra Cervical – 8 Thoracic – 12 Lumbar – 5 Coccygeal – 1 Lowest extent of cord – L1-L2 Lowest extend of subarachnoid space – S2 |
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Structures pierced during LP
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Skin
Ligaments Epidural space Dura mater Subdural space Arachnoid Subarachnoid space NOT Pia |
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UMN Sx
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Weakness
Hyperreflexia Increased tone Positive Babinski Spastic paralysis Clasped knife spasticity |
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LMN Sx
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Weakness
Atrophy Fasciculation Fibrillation Hyporeflexia Decreased tone |
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Major spinal cord lesion distributions/Dz
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Brown-Sequard/hemisection – all for 1 side
Poliomyelitis – anterior horn (LMN) Werdnig-Hoffman (infant SMA) – anterior horn (LMN) MS – random white matter (DC, STT, CST/UMN) ALS – CST (UMN), anterior horn (LMN) Anterior spinal A. occlusion – spares DC only Tabes Dorsalis (syphilis) – DC Syringomyelia – AWC (STT) Vitamin B12 deficiency – DC, CST Vitamin E deficiency – DC, CST Friedrichs ataxia – DC, CST, spinocerebellar tract |
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Horners Syndrome
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-pres – ptosis (partial), miosis, anhydrosis
-pathophys – disruption of SNS (superior cervical ganglion) -cause – lesion above T1 (or hypothalamus?) |
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3 neuron relay of oculoSNS tract (Horners fxns)
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Hypothalamus T1 lateral horn
T1 lateral horn Superior cervical ganglian (cervical chain?) Superior cervical ganglion end organs -sweat glands of face and forehead -pupil dilator -SMC of eyelid (superior tarsal) |
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Clinical Reflexes w/ nerve root
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Brachioradialis - ??
Biceps – C5-6 Triceps – C7-8 Patella – L3-4 Achilles – S1-2 |
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Primitive reflexes (w/ def)
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Moro – hang on for life
Rooting – head mvmt towards stroked cheek Sucking – suck after roof of mouth stroked Palmar/plantar – curling after palms/soles stroked Babinski – dorsiflexion of large toe and fanning of other toes w/ plantar stimulation |
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CN (nuclei) locations
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I – ventral anterior surface
II – anterior of midbrain III – medial pons/midbrain jxn IV – lateral upper pons (dorsal and immediate decussation) V – lateral mid pons VI – medial ponto/medullary jxn VII – lateral ponto/medullary jxn VIII – most lateral ponto/medullary jxn IX – lateral upper medulla X – lateral medulla (name?) XI – spine? XII – medial medulla |
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CN fxns
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I – smell (no thalamic relay)
II – sight III – eye mvmt, pupil constriction, accommodation, eyelid opening IV – eye mvmt V – mastication, facial sensation VI – eye mvmt VII – facial mvmt, anterior 2/3 taste, lacrimation, salivation, eyelid closing, stapedius muscle (ear) VIII – hearing, balance/vestibular IX – posterior 1/3 taste, swallowing, salivation, monitor carotid body/sinus chemo/baro receptors, stylopharyngeus X – epiglottic taste, swallowing, palate elevation, midline uvula, talking, coughing, thoracoabdominal viscera (elaborate?), monitor aortic arch chemo/baro receptors XI – SCM, trapezius XII – tongue mvmt |
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Corneal reflex
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V1, VII
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Lacrimation (reflex not emotion)
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V1, VII
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Jaw jerk
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V3, V3
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Pupillary reflex
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II, III
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Gag reflex
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IX, IX&X
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Parinaud syndrome
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-cause – pinealoma
-pathophys – lesion in superior colliculi (dorsal pons?) -pres – paralysis of vertical conjugate gaze |
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Vagal nuclei (w/ CNs)
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Nucleus Solitarius – visceral SENSORY information (VII, IX, X)
Nucleus ambiguous – pharynx/larynx/upper esophagus MOTOR innervation (IX, X, XI) Dorsal motor nucleus – AUTONOMIC fibers to heart, lungs, GI (X alone?) |
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Cribiform plate
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CN I
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Optic Canal
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CN II, ophthalamic A., central retinal V.
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Superior Orbital fissure
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CN III, IV, V1, VI, ophthalamic vein, SNS fibers
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Foramen rotundum
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CN V2
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Foramen Ovale
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CN V3
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Foramen Spinosum
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middle meningeal A.
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Internal Auditory meatus
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CN VII, VIII
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Jugular Foramen
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VN IX, X, XI, jugular vein
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Hypoglossal canal
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CN XII
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Foramen magnum
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CN XI spinal roots, brain stem, vertebral Aa
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Cavernous Sinus
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CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI, SNS, ICA
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Cavernous Sinus syndrome
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ophthalamoplegia, vision loss, maxillary sensory loss
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CN XII lesion
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tongue points toward lesion
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CN V motor lesion
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jaw points toward lesion
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CN X lesion
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uvual points away from lesion
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CN XI lesion
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should droop on side of lesion
CBT/UMN lesion |
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CN VII LMN lesion/Bells Palsy
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ipsilateral upper&lower facial paralysis w/ inability to close eye
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Dz associations w/ Bells Palsy
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AIDS
Lyme Dz Herpes Zoster (shingles) Sarcoidosis Tumors DM |
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Speech Sound types (w/ CN tested)
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Labial – P to B, CN VII
Lingual – T to D, CN XII Guttural – K to G, CN X |
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Muscles of Mastication
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Masseter – close jaw
Temporalis – close jaw Medial Pterygoid – close jaw Later pterygoid – open jaw |
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Ear fluid composition
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Perilymph – Na+ (~ECF)
Endolymph – K+ (~ICF) |
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Cochlear membrane schematic
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Narrow/stiff base – high frequency
Wide/flexible apex – low frequency ~hearing loss starts w/ high frequency (always run over?) |
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Tests/Results for hearing
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Normal – AC > BC, no Weber lateralization
Conduction deafness – BC > AC, Weber lateralizes to affected ear Sensorineural deafness – AC > BC, Weber lateralizes to opposite ear (b/c affected cant sense) |
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Glaucoma types
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Open/wide angle – obstructed outflow (canal of Schlemm)
Closed/narrow angle – obstruction between iris and cornea |
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EOM CN defects (w/ head tilt)
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CN III damage – eye is down and out, ptosis, dilated, no accommodation
CN IV damage – diplopia, poor downgaze, tilt head toward lesion CN VI damage – eye looks medial (tilt?) |
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Directions of EOM testing
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SR – superior, lateral/temporal
IO – superior, medial/nasal MR – medial/nasal LR – temporal/lateral IR – inferior, lateral/temporal SO – inferior, medial/nasal ~obliques look medially/nasally |
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Pupil phys (muscles, nerves)
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Constriction – sphincter/circular muscle, PSNS: CN III/EW ciliary ganglion
Dilation – radial/dilator muscle, SNS: superior cervical ganglion long ciliary N. |
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Vision Pathway schematic
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Optic N. – Temporal visual field on Nasal hemiretina and vice-versa
Optic Chiasm – Nasal hemiretinas cross (in the middle of the chiasm) LGN – relay/cross-talk? -Meyers loop – superior visual field (inferior retina) of that side (temporal lobe) -Optic Radiations – inferior visual field (superior retina) of that side (parietal lobe) -via internal capsule (shorter path?) Calcarine Fissure - ? Visual Cortex |
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Internuclear Ophthalamoplegia
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-pathophys – MLF lesion
-associated Dz – MS -pres – ipsilateral MR palsy (no lateral gaze), contralateral nystagmus, nl convergence |
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Vestibular/water nystagmus
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Cold water – toward lesion, quick OPPOSITE
Warm water – away from lesion, quick SAME side ~COWS |
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Dementia
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↓cognitive ability/memory/fxn, No LOC
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Causes of Dementia
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Alzheimers Dz
Picks Dz Lewy Body Dementia CJD Multi-infarct dementia Syphilis HIV B12 deficiency Wilsons Dz ?Pseudodementia |
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Demyelinating Dzs
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MS
Guillain-Barre Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Acute disseminated/post-infxn encephalomyelitis Metachromatic leukodystrophy Charcot-marie-tooth |
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Seizure
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synchronized, high-frequency neuronal firing
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Partial seizure
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1 area of the brain (e.g. mesial temporal lobe)
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Simple partial seizure
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consciousness intact
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Complex partial seizure
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impaired consciousness
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Generalized seizure
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diffuse
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Absence seizure
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blank stare (3Hz, no post-ictal confusion)
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Myoclonic seizure
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quick jerks
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Tonic-clonic seizure
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alternating stiffness/mvmt
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Tonic seizure
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stiffening
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Atonic seizure
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drop to floor
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Epilepsy
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recurrent seizures (not caused by fever etc.)
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Causes of Seizures (not epilepsy?) (w/age)
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Gentics - #1 children
Tumor - #1 adult Stroke - #1 elderly Infxn/fever - #2 children, lower for adults/elderly Trauma Metabolic Congenital – children only |
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Causes/types of headache
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Migraine – unilateral w/ nausea/photophobia/phonophobia
Tension headache – bilateral (>30 min const.) Cluster headache – unilateral, repetitive brief headaches, periorbital Subarachnoid hemorrhage – worst headache of my life Meningitis Hydrocephalus Neoplasia Arteritis |
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Types of vertigo
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Peripheral – inner ear pathology, delayed horz nystagmus
Central – brainstem/cerebellar pathology, immediate nystagmus (any direction) |
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NF1
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-pres – café-au-lait spots, lisch nodules (iris), skin neurofibromas, optic glioma, pheochromocytomas
-genetics – AD, NF-1 gene (Chr. 17) |
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Von-Hippel Lindau Dz
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-pres – cavernous hemangiomas (skin/mucosa/organs), bilateral renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastoma (retina/brainstem/cerebellum), pheochromocytomas
-genetics – AD, VHL gene (TSG, Chr. 3) |
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Primary Brain tumors
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-pathophys – mass effects
-pres – seizures, dementia, focal lesion (neuro deficit…sensation/motor/executive) |
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Location of Brain mets
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gray/white jxn
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Primary Brain Tumor types (w/ path hallmark)
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--adult = supratentorial
Glioblastoma multiforme – pseudopallisading Meningioma – psammoma bodies Schwannoma Oligodendroglioma – fried egg Pituitary adenoma --child = infratentorial (?posterior fossa) Pilocytic astrocytoma – Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic corkscrew) Medulloblastoma – rosettes, small blue cells Ependymoma – perivascular pseudorosettes Hemangioblastoma – foamy cells Craniopharyngioma |
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Causes of brain ring enhancing lesion
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Mets
Abscesses Toxoplasmosis AIDS lymphoma |
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Causes of uniformly enhancing lesion in brain
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Lymphoma
Meningioma Mets (also ring) |
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Heterogeneously enhancing lesion
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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Glaucoma Drugs w/ mech/use
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Epinephrine – a-agonist, ↓AqH synth (vasoconstriction)
Brimonidine – a-agonist, ↓AqH synth b-blockers - ↓AqH secretion Acetazolamide – CAH/diuretic, ↓AqH secretion Cholinomimetics - ↑AqH outflow (ciliary contraction open meshwork) Latanoprost - ↑AqH outflow |
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Glaucoma Tx strategy
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↓AqH synth
↓AqH secretion ↑AqH outflow |
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Parkinsons Dz Rx strategy
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Da agonists – bromocriptine, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole
Increase Da – amantadine, l-dopa/carbidopa Prevent Da breakdown – Selegeline, entacapone/tolcapone Curb excess ACh – Benztropine Block tremors – b-blockers |
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Morphine
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opioid agonist
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Fentanyl
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opioid agonist
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Codeine
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opioid agonist
heroin |
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methadone
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opioid agonist
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meperidine
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opioid agonist
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dextromethorphan
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opioid agonist
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Butorphanol
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partial mu-opioid agonist (pain)
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Tramadol
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weak mu-opioid agonist, 5HT/NE reuptake inhibitor (pain)
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Phenytoin
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Na channel inactivation (seizures)
|
|
|
Carbamazepine
|
Na channel inactivation (seizures)
|
|
|
Lamotrigine
|
blocks voltage-gated Na channels (seizures)
|
|
|
Gabapentin
|
GABA analog/HVA Ca channel inhibitor (seizures)
|
|
|
Topiramate
|
blocks Na channels, ↑GABA (seizures)
|
|
|
Phenobarbital
|
↑GABA-a by Cl channel duration (seizures)
|
|
|
Valproic acid
|
Na channel inactivation, ↑GABA (seizures)
|
|
|
Ethosuxamide
|
blocks thalamic t-type Ca channels (absence seizures)
|
|
|
Benzodiazepines
|
↑GABA-a by Cl channel frequency (anxiety, ecclampsia seizures)
|
|
|
Tigabine
|
GABA reuptake inhibitor (partial seizures)
|
|
|
Vigabatrin
|
irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase (partial seizures)
|
|
|
Levetiracetam
|
unknown mech (seizures)
|
|
|
Ketaminne
|
PCP analog, NMDA blocker (IV anesthetic)
|
|
|
Propofol
|
GABAa potentiation (rapid anesthesia)
|
|
|
…caine (i.e. cocaine or lidocaine)
|
block Na channels binding inner portion (local anesthetic)
|
|
|
Succinylcholine
|
depolarizing NMJ blocker (surgery, ventilation)
|
|
|
…curare type
|
nondepolarizing NMJ blocker (surgery, ventilation)
|
|
|
Dantrolene
|
prevents Ca release from SR (malignant hyperthermia, NMS)
|
|
|
Bromocriptine
|
Da agonist (PD)
|
|
|
Amantadine
|
↑Da release (PD)
|
|
|
l-dopa
|
crosses BBB and coverted to Da in CNS (PD)
|
|
|
carbidopa
|
peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (PD)
|
|
|
Selegiline
|
MAOb-I (PD)
|
|
|
…capone
|
COMT-I (PD)
|
|
|
Benztropine
|
antimuscarinic (PD)
|
|
|
Memantine
|
NMDA antagonist (AD)
|
|
|
Donepezil
|
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AD)
|
|
|
Sumatriptan
|
5HT-1b/1d agonist (acute migraine, cluster headaches)
|
