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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Work
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Money is motivator
leads to a sense of accomplishment and helps give us an identity |
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Deindustrialization
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2000 to 2006-- 20% of US manufacturing jobs disappeared
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Offshoring
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Problem- reduced jobs at home
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Social Class, wealth and income
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Income decided social class
Rich are getting richer, middle class struggling, lower class poorer |
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Rich
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1979-2006-- richest 1% doubled their share of countries total income
2007- CEO's averaged 11$ million a year |
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Middle Class
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Made $45,000 to $90,000 in 2006
Experiencing a squeeze Getting impossible to save up for retirement |
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Working Class
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2008- Number of people worried about payments 21-30%
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How economy affects Families
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Low-wage jobs and nonstandard work hours
Labor department- 5/10 occupations expected to add most jobs through 2016 are low paying, up to max $22.000 per yr. |
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Nonstandard Work Hours
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increasing
shift work most common among men |
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Part Time work
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Average number of hours worked in 2009 was lowest level since 1964
33 hr/week |
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Unemployment
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Less than 5 % in 2007 to more than 10% in 2009
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Poverty Line
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2008- $21,834 for family of 4
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Homelessness
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3.5 million
single men-51% families with kids-30% single women-17% youth-2% |
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Women in labor force
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Over half of mothers with child less than 1 work
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Why do more women work?
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Many men's employment in 1980s-90s dropped bc of offshoring and deindust.
economic variables include expansion of white-collar jobs and greater availability to women |
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Stay at home dads
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140,000 stay at home dads
4% |
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Two-income families
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work more than 46 hr./week
Priority on spending time with kids |
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Benefits and Costs of two-income families
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Raises families standard of living
Role overload--leads to health issues |
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Trailing Spouse
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10-15% men
Benefit- main provider can increase his/her income and job opportunities Drawbacks- low income or home responsibilities |
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When wives earn more
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18% in 1987
26% in 2008 |
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Gender Pay Gap
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Women make 70% of men
2009- women earned 48,802…men 64,167 |
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Sexual Harrassment
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Civil Rights Act
1980 Equal Employment Opportunity Verbal behavior- pressures Nonverbal-hand gestures Physical Contact- pinning, touching |
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Care for Dependents
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Inadequate day car for young kids
FMLA does not include elder care |
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Family Abuse
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More likely to be injured by family member than stranger
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Prevalence and Severity of IPV
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Women 5 times likely to be abused by partner than men
75% al attacks are against women 1200 deaths and 2 million injures-women 330 deaths and 600,000 injuries-men IPV leading cause of death for 15-44 age women |
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Age
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Rather younger than older more likely to be victims and perpetrators of IPV
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Race and Ethnicity
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IPV- multiracial and American Indian women report higher rates
Social class- lower |
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Marital Rape
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Crime in all states since 1993
25% of women nationwide |
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Cycle of Domestic Violence
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Phase 1- Tension building-women caters
Phase 2- Acute battering incident- actual abuse Phase 3- Husband apologizes |
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Learned helplessness
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Women is depressed- no self-esteem
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Why do women stay?
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economic hardships and homelessness
Need for child support shame and guilt blaming themselves FEAR home becomes prison |
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Women who abuse men
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Situational couple violence
Both man and woman are perpetrators |
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Prevalence and characteristics of child abuse
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Dropped in last decade
794,000 in 2007 Neglect- most common 80% parents- more than half moms 8% relatives Fatalities- homicide leading cause of death for infant |
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Sexual Abuse
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90% family members
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Why abuse children?
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substance abuse
stress partner abuse divorce combination of factors |
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How it affects children
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physiological, social, emotional issues
more aggressive increases likelihood of arrest and teen pregnancy |
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Hidden Victims- siblings
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sibling abuse- physical, emotional, sexual
30% kids 2-17 had physically been abused by sibling |
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Common forms of sibling abuse
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name calling
degradation intimidation torturing of pet destroying personal items |
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Adolescent abuse
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Prevalence- parents physically and verbal
27% are 12-17 |
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Victims-the elderly
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1-2 million ages 65 and up have been injured or mistreated
66% women 43% both sexes over 80 yrs. |
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Abusers of elderly
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Adult kids-53%
Spouse-19% Family member-90% |
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Reasons for abuse of elderly
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shared living arrangements
social isolation alcohol abuse impairment of caregiver dependence of elderly medical costs personality |
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Racial and Ethnic Groups
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immigrant women-more domestic violence than American women
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Explaining Fam abuse and Violence
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Patriarchy or Male Dominance Theory
Male authority creates violence |
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Social learning theory- abuse
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LEarn by observing others
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Resource theory- abuse
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MEn have greater financial, educational, and social resources so have more power
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Exchange theory-abuse
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both assailants and victims tolerate or engage in violence bc believe its beneficial
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Ecological systems theory-abuse
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Economy, education, state agencies
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Suicide
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11th leading cause of deaths in US
33,000 Americans Males- 4 times rate of females Highest among males 75 and older |
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Seperation and Divorce
Process and outcome |
Trial separation- overly stressed couple lives apart
Religion doesn't allow divorce |
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Phases of separation
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preseperation- partners fantasize living alone
Early- ambivalent about leaving marriage middle-harsh realities set in late-learn to survive single again |
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Outcomes and separation
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Some reconcile and try to make work
10% try to reconcile |
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Seperation without divorce
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6% couples never make final
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Divorce trends
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43-46% marriages end in divorce
decreasing thro 20th century lower today than 1975 and 1990 |
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Process of divorce
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long periods of time
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Emotional Divorce
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disillusioned or unhappy in marriage
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Legal divorce
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formal dissolution of marriage
custody of kids alimony and child support |
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Economic Support
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argue about bills
coparental divorce- agreements about legal responsibilities for financial child support |
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Community divorce
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inform family, friends, teacher
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Psychic divorce
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final stage- separate from each other emotionally and have separate lives
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Why divorce?
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Macro level
Demographical Micro level |
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Macro divorce reasons
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divorce laws
religion economy military cultural values social integration technology |
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Demographical divorce reasons
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parental divorce
age premarital child gender, race social cass religion |
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Micro reasons for divroce
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affairs
violence abuse child disagreements money no communication annoying habits growing apart |
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How divorce affects Adults
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too many expectations
physical, emotional, psychological effects |
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Economic and financial changes
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marriage- build wealth
divorce- depleats wealth |
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Child support
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mothers- sole custody 84% of time-- fathers pay child support
2006- 85% mother who got child support also had visitation rights for father |
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Affects on kids
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1 million America kids undergo parental breakup
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What helps kids after divorce?
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parent reassurance
talk about feelings tell kid they're not responsible they can continue to see extended family |
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Counseling and Divorce Mediation
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less expensive
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Dating after divorce
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as ppl age, they become more concerned about physical appearance
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Cohabitation after divorce
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divorced or widowed after age 50- prepare for remarriage by living together
half all marriages begin with cohabitation |
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Stepfamily
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85% divorced remarry
US remarriage rate highest in world |
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Characteristics of Remarried Couples
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average age: women- 33 men-35
higher for both sexes age 50 and up (men) white women- over 19% in 2004 married 2 or more times 11% black, 9% latino, 6% asian Blacks- highest cohabitation rate |
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Social Class
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weather divorced man is more likely to remarry
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Children when dating
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already parents-does not affect paren't decision to remarry
women seek financial stability children lower likelihood of remarriage |
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Emotional Remarriage
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slow bc trust gain
emotionally intricate relationship |
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Psychic Remarriage
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Identity chance from single to married again
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Community Remarriage
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change of community friends
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Parental remarriage
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new roles
dual children from past relationships |
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Economic Remarriage
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marital household as economic unit
child support issues with father noncustodial parent feels less responsibility |
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Legal remarriage
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nonbiological parent has no legal rights over spouse's kids
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First marriages v. Remarriages
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stepsiblings
child traveling between homes-may feel left out Role expectations-extened family roles are fuzzy Changes across life course Different stages of family life between parents and kids stress reources- some seek more successful, supportive, and attractive from past spouse |
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Myths of Remarriage
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nuclear family myth- expect family members to love each other and feel close fast
compensation myth- new mate is expected to be everything old one was not instant love myth- new stepparents may presume love with step kids rescue fantasy- "shape those kids up" |
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Remarriage stabiity
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60% remarriages- 45% first marriages end in divorce
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Types of stepfamilies
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Complex- kids from both past relationships
joint-step adoptive family |
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Structure
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stepfamilies more stress and conflict than nuclear families
stepfamily integration typically takes years need flexibility unrealistic expectations loyalty conflicts |
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Stereotypes
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Evil stepmother
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Parenting in Stepfamilies
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17% children live with stepfamilies
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Problems merging familes include
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naming
sexual boundaries legal issues economic and emotional resources developing relationships closeness discipline children adjust to new famile |
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integrational relationships
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ties between grandparents
close or disruptive |
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Effects of stepfamilies on kids
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how children fare
20% risk for negative outcome depends on relationships among kids |
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Successful stepfamilies
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1. Develop realistic expectations
2. let child mourn losses 3. adults forge strong couple relationship 4. stepparenting tole proceeds slow 5. discipline role slowly 6. Make own rituals 7. work out satisfactory arrangements |
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Rewards for remarriage
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Learned valuable lessons
try harder more tolerant more considerate of feelings |
