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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prepare Scale
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Measures the degree of positive views about the relationship and the extent of partner agreement in 13 areas
Realistic expectations Personality issues Conflict resolution Financial management Leisure activities Sexual relationship Children and parenting Family and friends Role relationship Spiritual issues Couple relationship Family of origin |
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4 types of couples
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1) Vitalized- unrealistic, happily married
2) Harmonious-unrealistic, parenting, religion not important, happily married 3) Traditional-realistic views, religious, interpersonal problems, unhappily married/cancelled marriage 4) Conflicted-dissatified in all areas, cancelled marriage/separated or divorced |
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Characteristics of Marriage Readiness
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Have studied and practiced spouse roles
Disengage from close relationships that might interfere with marital commitment Accommodate premarital lifestyle to new marital relationship Emotional maturity Communication skills Financial readiness-ability to support self and partner |
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Cuber and Haroff's Typology of Marriages
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Represent different types of adjustment and different conceptions of marriage
1) Conflicted-habituated, conflict, tension, doesn't always lead to divorce 2) Devitalized-close at beginning, less overtime, some accepted it others didn't, this depends on stability of relationship 3)Passive-congenial, parnters get along but not emotionaly close, proities on outside things 4) Vital- close, some conflict, spend time together and apart 5) Total-sharing most or all conpondents together, rare |
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Huston research on the early years of marriage and marital outcomes
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Study found large differences between couples on inital levels of love, conflict, ect
For those who remained married, early behavioral patterns persisted-Enduring dynamics Divorace was best predicted by the loss of love and affection over time-Disillusionment More likely to divorce if in love when married Need realistic expections Espically for those with very high inital levels |
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Culture socializes us for Marriage
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There is a positive orientation for:
-Emphasis on romantic love -Marriage is he most socially and legally supported way of engaging in romantic relationships -Socialization experiences: -Marriage-like experiences -Pro-marriage messages |
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family of orientation
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The family that one grew up in
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family of procreation
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The one formed by marrying and having children
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Enduring Dynamics
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Those who remained married, early behavioral patterns persisted
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disillusionment
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Divorce was best predicted by the loss of love and affection over time.
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factors influence marital outcome
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Stable personal characteristics
Stress Events Relationship Characteristics = Marital Quality Marital Stability |
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consanguineous relationship
conjugal relationship |
Consanguineous-blood relatives
Conjugal-relatives acquired through marriage |
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endogamy
exogamy |
Endogamy-marrying someone with in your group
Endogamy-marrying someone outside your group |
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Marriage
& a few legal rights conferred by marriage. |
A legally recognized union between a man and a woman in which they are united sexually, cooperate economically, and may give birth to, adopt, or rear children.
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Demand-withdraw pattern of communication
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Female demand
Male withdraw At times of stress in close relationships men tend to emotionally withdraw, while women do not. |
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report talk
rapport talk |
Report talk-conversation aimed mainly at conveying information
Rapport talk-conversation to targeted at reinforce rapport or intimacy |
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four horsemen of the apocalypse
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Fire=Negativity or hostility
Contempt Criticism Defensiveness Stonewalling Later one more was added Belligerence |
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reasons for smaller family sizes and later first birth
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Birth control
Careers Children went form an asset earlier in history to a liability Ect. |
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factors influence the decision to have children
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Economic factors
Pressures form family members Religious pressures Social emotional costs and benefits Societal expectations |
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steps lead to voluntary childlessness
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1. Postpone for definite time period
2. then postpone indefinitely 3. Appreciate childlessness 4. conscious decision |
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5 domains that change for new parents
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Identity and values
Shifts in marital roles and relationship Shifts in intergenerational relationships Changes in other roles and relationships New parenting roles and relationships |
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Who is most likely to adopt a child?
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Someone that is older, highly educated and has a high income. If it is a child that is not blood related
Blood related adoptions are likely as well |
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viewpoints on children changed from the 19th to the 20th Century
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Previously, children were seen as miniature adults. Now, childhood is seen as a distinct stage of life. Children are viewed as innocent and in need of protection. Parents are responsible for providing time to play, education, and protection from the adult world.
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four functions and responsibilities of parents
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Providing basic resources
Protecting children (from threats of natural environment, other persons, groups, and institutions) Guiding and supporting development Advocacy |
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Name one factor that influences a parent’s ability to perform functions and responsibilities and give a specific example of it.
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Personal and Psychological resources of Parent
Psychological well-being [personality characteristics, depression, emotional maturity], Financial Resources, Knowledge [skills related to childrearing] Child Characteristics Temperament [easy-going vs. difficult], Health, [mental or physical disabilities], Age, Gender Contextual Factors Marital Relationship, Informal Social support [friends and family], Parental work, Formal social support [church, social services], # of children in family |
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attachment
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Attachment is an affectional bond that one individual forms for another over time and space.
It is important because the bond between child and primary caregiver is the basis for all future development. |
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Socialization
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the process by which individuals learn the ways of a given society so that they can function effectively within it
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main goal of discipline
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To help children achieve inner control
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two factors affecting fathers’ involvement with children
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Motivation
Skills and self-confidence Social support from spouse, family, friends Institutional policies and practices |
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hierarchical parenting
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Combining warm emotional support for children with a demand for significant respect for parents and other authority figures.
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three predictors of parental satisfaction
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Marital satisfaction
Family Structure Parental Gender |
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How does the parent-child relationship change and stay the same during young adulthood?
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The emotional bond remains the same. There are continued improvements in quality, but there is continuity with the earlier relationship.
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effects of the “not-so-empty nest” on the family
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Financial Strain on Parents
Strain on marital relationship & P-C relationships Many negotiations required |
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predictors of satisfaction for the “not-so-empty nest” families
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Parental
Conflict, gender, SES Marital M-C relationship First marriage? Boomeranging |
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When can stress and crisis occur during the “empty nest” period?
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When the parent is over-involved in the child’s life.
If it was unanticipated. If the family fails to reorganize the family relationships. |
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three predictors of parental satisfaction
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Marital satisfaction
Family Structure Parental Gender |
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How does the parent-child relationship change and stay the same during young adulthood?
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The emotional bond remains the same. There are continued improvements in quality, but there is continuity with the earlier relationship.
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effects of the “not-so-empty nest” on the family
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Financial Strain on Parents
Strain on marital relationship & P-C relationships Many negotiations required |
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predictors of satisfaction for the “not-so-empty nest” families
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Parental
Conflict, gender, SES Marital M-C relationship First marriage? Boomeranging |
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When can stress and crisis occur during the “empty nest” period?
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When the parent is over-involved in the child’s life.
If it was unanticipated. If the family fails to reorganize the family relationships. |
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When can stress and crisis occur during the “empty nest” period?
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When the parent is over-involved in the child’s life.
If it was unanticipated. If the family fails to reorganize the family relationships. |
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indicators of relationship solidarity in the relationship between older parents and adult children
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Geographical proximity
Contact between family members Emotional Closeness Similarity of opinions Providing and receiving care |
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caregiving
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Assistance provided to persons who cannot perform the basic or instrumental activities of daily life for themselves
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factors that account for the level of strain when C provide care for their elderly parents
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Level of care required
Type of impairment Physical Cognitive |
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Why has marital stisfaction been declining
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Both sposes in work force, more stressed out
See more alternitives Expect love, spend time togeter High expections with more accepting view of breaking up |
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History of regulating who can marry whom
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Loving vs. Vignina abloish interracial marriage as illegal
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Federal Defense of Marriage Act
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Denied federal recognition to same-sex couples and gave states the right to refuse to recognize guy or lesbian marriages should they gain legal recognitionm in other states.
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Vermont Civil Union Law
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state legislature either had to grant marriage rights to same sex couples or assure them a legal equivalent to marriage
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Federal Marriage Amendment
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Marriage shall consist only of the union of a man and a women
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Children of guy couples
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do not receive the same protections and benefits
lose right to live with parent if other parent dies |
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Practices to avoid
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Fight evasion
Gunny-sacking Kitchen skink fighting Double messages Mind reading Spouse probing Stereo typing Invalidation |
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Transition often stressful
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It's irreversible
Its a continuous coverage system A lack of preparation Idealistic romanticized ideas about parenthood Suddenness of transition Role conflict |
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Postpartum Blues
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May occur during this time
Moodiness and irritability Fatigue Mild confusion Causes: Sleep patterns Isolated from familiar world Initial drop in hormones Physiological stresses of birth Finanical or emotional burdens Can ease initial transition if: Understand that some stress and fatigue is inevitable Use sources of support Communicate Spend time together |
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The strange situation
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Assess the quality of attachment between a child and a primary caregiver
Classification reflects quality of caregiving |
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Attachment Styles
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Secure-if disstressed when caregiver leaves and is consuled when parent comes back.
Avoidant- Indifferent to whether caregiver is there or not Anxious/Ambivalent- child seems insecure, always attached to parent, extreme distess not easily comforted Disorganized-no response or overshelmed at strange situation, can come from child abuse |
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Conclusions about Attachment
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How do we know attachment isn't just a product of temperament?
Different attachment to parents Major change can affect attachment, while temperment doesn't change Primary attachment determined by quality not quantity Negative long-term outcomes only if no secure attachments |
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Principles for effective discipline
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Occurs in context of a loving trusting relationship
Consistent appropriate and close in time Applies external controls at first Never threaten child's security or self-esteem Factors influencing child's motivation to comply |
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Psychological Aggression as a form of discipline
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Shouting, yelling is common
Much greater tolerance for this type of aggression |
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Importance of Father Involvement
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Economic support
Authoritative parenting Greater father involvement in play activities than care-giving activities |
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4 parenting styles
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Authoritative-place age apporite limits, communication high levels of all dimensions
Authoritarian-hgih in maturity demands, little communciation, little warmth Permissive Indulgent (Laissez-Faire)-High on warmth and communication Little limits on behavior little info on children's lives Permissive-Indifferent (uninvolved)- low levels of all dimensions Parents lives revolve around their needs |
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4 dimensions of parenting
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warmth
maturity demands communication Nurturance |
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Satisfaction with Parenting
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Satisfaction=Rewards+Costs (relative to comparrision level)
Rewards: the happiness I experience being a parent Costs: the degree to which being a parent ties me down Predictors of satisfaction: Marital stisfaction Family structure Parental gender |
