Fam Ii Test 1

Front 1

Astigmatism

Back 1

A stig = a stick. many stick of light around in the eye

Eye does not focus light on retina evenly. Objects appear blurry and stretched out.

Front 2

Presbyopia

Back 2

Age related. Ability to focus on objects close up is more difficult. Eyeball is no longer able to change shape as easily to accommodate different focal lengths (tx: need reading glasses/bifocals). Presbyterian = presbyopia = age related

Front 3

Cataracts

Back 3

decreased transparency of crystalline lens = decreased vision protein coagulations form opaque areas for unknown reasons natural process of aging Progressive and irreversible but surgery is effective and safe cataract progression can be slowed by decreasing sun exposure and smoking cessation

Front 4

Leukokoria

Back 4

white pupil = cataract

leukocytes: white blood cells. leuko=white

Front 5

Glaucoma

Back 5

IOP: increased intraocular pressure causing optic nerve damage and/or visual field loss from capillary microinfarction=optic nerve ischemia

Front 6

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

Back 6

primary condition, not secondary to anything else. how to eval: need opthamology eval with slit lamp exam and IOP measured by tonometry

Front 7

POAG: cup-to-disc ratio. can IOP alone be used to dx?

Back 7

increased. IOP alone cannot be used to dx

Front 8

Primary angle-closure glaucoma:

Back 8

relatively rare symptoms: unilateral HA, visual blurring, n/v non reactive pupils that are semidilated Emergency! can have irreversible eye damage if untreated

Front 9

Flashers

Back 9

Photopsia = flash like a photo

Front 10

Floaters:

Back 10

entopsia = float en top, or on top. things float on top of the water.

Front 11

Flashers and floaters caused by:

Back 11

Caused as the vitreous (gel that helps the eyeball maintain shape) shrinks and becomes "stringy." These strands can cast shadows within the eye ball. Common with aging.

Front 12

Vitreous detachment:

Back 12

When a section of the vitreous pulls away all at once, instead of gradually, causing new floaters to suddenly appear. Usually not sight threatening and does not require treatment

Front 13

retinal detachment

Back 13

Occurs when the neurosensory retina is separated from the retinal pigment epithelium. Sudden increase in floaters, light flashes, peripheral vision loss Can feel like a "curtain going down on eye." If left untreated, can lead to perm vision impairment

Front 14

Macular Degeneration and 2 types:

Back 14

age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the US 2 types: wet dry

 

Front 15

Exudative or Wet AMD describe and tx

Back 15

wet = war

Rapid vision loss due to development of abnormal blood vessels under the retina. These blood vessels will leak fluid. Straight lines often appear wavy. Refer to opthamology immediately. Wet: fluid leaks = fast vision loss tx: laser surgery

Front 16

Nonexudative or dry AMD describe and tx

Back 16

Dry = drawn out

Light-sensitive cells of the macula slowly break down. There is gradual loss of central vision. Three stages (early, intermediate, and advanced). Dry = central to vision. lose central vision. tx: if early, zinc can slow progression. if advanced, no tx.

Front 17

Myopia

Back 17

nearsightedness: my = close to me ◦ Objects up close are clear, but far away objects are blurry.

Front 18

Hyperopia

Back 18

farsightedness: hyper: when molecules are hyper, they are trying to get far away from each other

Front 19

Pterygium:

Back 19

non-cancerous growth of the conjunctiva. One or both eyes may be involved. Usually painless. peter is a farmer who gets non-cancerous growth on conjunctiva

Front 20

Pinguecula

Back 20

common, non-cancerous growth of the conjunctiva. ◦ A pinguecula is a small, yellowish nodule on the conjunctiva near the cornea. It can appear on either side of the cornea, but tends to appear more on the nasal side. Pinguecula = ping pong ball on eye ball

Front 21

Dry Eye Syndrome tx

Back 21

Treatment: treat the cause first. Artificial tears, eye lubricants also helpful. Avoid aggravating activities.

Front 22

Uveitis/Iritis: 2 types

Back 22

Uvea is the middle layer of the eye, provides most of the blood supply to the retina Anterior and posterior uveitis

Front 23

Anterior uveitis:

Back 23

also known as iritis, inflammation of anterior part of the eye including the iris and ciliary body pain is moderate and aching central redness of eye and ciliary flush

Front 24

Posterior uveitis

Back 24

Involves the posterior aspect of the uvea, which contains the choroid, a layer of blood vessels and connective tissue

Front 25

tx for uveitis:

Back 25

Usually mild. Treated with sun protection. Possible use of steroid eye drops or pupil dilation drops. Should be prescribed by an opthamologist bc can threaten their vision.  Uveitis can lose vision over night so call immediately.

Front 26

Episcleritis

Back 26

benign inflammation of the covering of the sclera Bilateral with mild stinging Usually improves without treatment

Front 27

Scleritis

Back 27

unilateral Inflammation of sclera can result in destructive disease

Front 28

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

Back 28

Result of a small blood vessel rupture in the conjunctival tissue • no pain or irritation • Often first noticed by others or when looking in mirror

Front 29

Periorbital cellulitis

Back 29

Usually results from sinus infection. There is only a thin bone layer between the sinuses and the orbit space. Eye pain Conjunctivitis Epiphora (blurred vision, periorbital erythema, and edema)

Front 30

Chandlar staging system for periorbital cellulitis

Back 30

▪ Stage I: Periorbital cellulitis ▪ Stage II: Inflammatory orbital edema ▪ Stage III: Subperiosteal abscess ▪ Stage IV: Orbital abscess

Front 31

Orbital cellulitis

Back 31

Orbital (postseptal) cellulitis is an acute infection of the tissues immediately surrounding the eye, including the eyelids, eyebrow, and cheek. Bacteria from a sinus infection usually cause this infection. This was often caused by Haemophilus influenzae, now much more rare due to HIB vaccine. Can be caused by other bacteria such as Staph aureus, strep pneumoniae, or GABHS. Dangerous: need IV antibiotics can lead to blindness

Front 32

Blepharitis and tx

Back 32

Inflammation, Itching, crusting, and erythema of eyelid margins Caused by staph infection or seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, or allergies tx: cellufresh or Bion tears, warm compresses

Front 33

Hordeon

Back 33

stye. if you hord things, those things stay around. ford = stye. tx: warm compresses, abs, cleanse eyelids with baby shampoo

Front 34

Chalazia

Back 34

meibomian glands: me bohemian. bohemian = no pain no pain

Front 35

Pupil: Iris: sclera:

Back 35

Pupil: black Iris: flower: beautiful sclera: white

Front 36

Strabismus

Back 36

1 wondering eye

Front 37

Amblyopia

Back 37

untreated or insufficiently tx amblyopia causes permanent visual loss the brain cannot focus on 2 images. the brain only picks 1 image ang does with it so you slowly lose vision in 1 eye. You can lose vision in either eye (the affected eye or the non-affected eye, whichever the brain chooses).

Front 38

NasoLacrimal Duct Obstruction

Back 38

abnormal occlusion of nasolacrimal duct. can be from trauma, infection, or born with this. This causes baby’s eye to water all the time. at first, its just tears and not purulent. It can become purulent after time if infection occurs.

Front 39

Conjunctivitis:

Back 39

Viral: watery drainage Bacterial: mucopurulent discharge Allergic: stringy discharge

Front 40

bacterial conjunctivitis tx:

Back 40

erythromycin drops in 0-12 months ofloxacin drops in 12 months and older

Front 41

Visual acuity refer: age 3 age 5 age >5

Back 41

• Age 3: 20/50 or worse • Age 5: 20/40 or worse • >5 years: 20/30 or worse, or two line difference between the two eyes at any age

Front 42

screen for vision and color at what age:

Back 42

3 yo