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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ad hominem |
Attacking the person |
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Scare tactics |
Stampede legitimate fears into panic or prejudice (slippery slope) |
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Sentimental appeals |
Use tender emotions to detract from truth/facts |
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Bandwagon appeals |
Urge people to follow the path that everyone is taking |
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Appeal to patriotism (ad populum |
Appeals to the prejudices of the people |
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Atmosphere of obsession |
Focuses on one specific idea obsessively |
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Loaded question |
Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so it cannot be answered without appearing guilty |
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Appeals to nature |
Making the argument that because something is natural, it is good/justified |
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Appeals to false authority (trust me) |
Author offers themselves as sufficient warrant for believing their claim it offers authorities which they cite as sufficient warrant |
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Dogmatism |
Attempt to persuade by creating an assumption that a particular position is the only one accepted in the community |
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Moral equivalence |
Serious wrong doings don't differ from minor offenses |
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Special pleading |
Making exceptions when proven wrong |
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Personal incredulity |
Because one finds it difficult to believe, it is not true |
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Ambiguity |
Using double meanings to mislead or misrepresent the truth |
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Anecdotal/hasty generalization |
Stereotypes/using surveys with a selected amount |
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Faulty causality (post hoc/ergo propter hoc) |
Because one event follows another, the first caused the second |
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Equivocation |
Half truths using clear words |
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Gambler's fallacy |
Believing that "runs" occur statistically independent phenomena |
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Composition/division logic |
Assuming that what is true for the small parts is also true for the whole and vice versa |
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Burden of proof |
The person who makes the claim has responsibility to prove it |
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Either-or fallacy |
Reducing the argument to only two choices |
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Fallacy fallacy |
Because someone uses a fallacy, does not mean their claim is wrong |
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Two wrongs make a right (the quoque) |
Person attacking the other after they've been attacked |
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Non-sequitur |
No connection |
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Straw man |
Diversion from truth. Simplifies argument |
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Genetic fallacy |
Judging something based on where it came from |
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Middle ground fallacy |
Saying that a compromise between two extremes must be the truth |
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Faulty analogy |
Comparisons are often useful but can become false if pushed too far. Taking it too far that it becomes absurd/unreasonable |
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Appeals to tradition |
Because something has always been done a certain way, it must remain the same |
