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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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False analogy
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an analogy fails when the two objects, a and b, are different in a way which affects whether they both have the compared property.
ex. Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit in the head in order to make them work, so must employees. |
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non sequitur
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"it does not follow"; the conclusion drawn is inconsistent or unrelated to the evidence given.
ex. Terrorists attacked America. There are terrorists in Palestine. Therefore we should attack Palestine. |
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straw man
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the author attacks an argument different from (and weaker then) the opposition's best argument.
ex. Obama is not American. Obama is Muslim. |
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casual fallacies
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something is said to cause something else, when in fact they are related but the stated cause is incorrect.
ex. Generally, if C occurs, then E will occur, and Generally, if C does not occur, then E will not occur ether. |
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ad hominem
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attacks against the arguer rather than the argument.
ex. "You can't believe Jack when he says the proposed policy would help the economy. He doesn't even have a job." Because Jack doesn't have a job, he shouldn't be assumed to know anything about the economy. |
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hasty generalization
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sample is to small to support an inductive generalization about population.
ex. Smith, who is from England, decides to attend graduate school at Ohio State University. He has never been to the US before. The day after he arrives, he is walking back from an orientation session and sees two white (albino) squirrels chasing each other around a tree. In his next letter home, he tells his family that American squirrels are white. |
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red herring
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an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue.
ex. "We admit that this measure is popular. But we also urge you to note that there are so many bond issues on this ballot that the whole thing is getting ridiculous." |
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ad populum
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conclusion is based on the evidence that many people agree or believe it.
ex. “Gods must exist, since every culture has some sort of belief in a higher being.” |
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appeal to tradition
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conclusion that something must be done a certain way because it has always been done that way.
ex. Of course this mode of government is the best. We have had this government for over 200 years and no one has talked about changing it in all that time. So, it has got to be good. |
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slippery slope
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a series of increasingly unacceptable consequences is drawn fro a seemingly harmless beginning.
ex. "We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they'll be charging $40,000 a semester!" |
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begging the question
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the truth of the conclusion is assumed by the premises.
ex. "If such actions were not illegal, then they would not be prohibited by the law." |
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appeal to emotion
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evidence is given solely based on emotional appeals, especially but not only fear or guilt.
ex. The new PowerTangerine computer gives you the power you need. If you buy one, people will envy your power. They will look up to you and wish they were just like you. You will know the true joy of power. TangerinePower. |
