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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most medicines used clinically in the West are based on what kind of entities? |
Single Chemical Entities |
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What type of product are Single Chemical Entities such as Aspirin, Menthol, and Caffeine? |
Unorganised |
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What type of product are extracts & oils such as liquorice extract, peppermint oil, or instant coffee? |
Unorganised |
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What type of product are whole organisms or parts of them, like senna pods or coffee beans? |
Organised |
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State three categories of herbal products subjected to quality control |
1. Whole crude drug (e.g. root, leaf) 2. Powdered crude drug (e.g. tea bags, ayurvedic medicines) 3. Formulated herbal product (e.g. tablets, capsules, creams, etc.) |
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State six ways crude drugs differ from conventional single chemical entity drugs? |
1. Complex mixture of chemicals 2. Compounds responsible for activity not always known 3. More than one compound/type of compound may be responsible for activity 4. Variations in compounds present and their amounts 5. Subject to wider variety of deteriorating agents 6. Lack of knowledge makes adulteration easier |
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Explain why quality control of herbal products is necessary |
- Previously, there was often little QC - Frequent poor quality due to exploitation of ignorance - New legislation for Traditional Herbal Remedy requires proof of good quality |
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What does the distinction between 'herbal product' and 'food supplement' depend on? |
Whether the product has a license from the regulatory authority |
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State two things that QC of herbal products seeks to establish |
1. Safety - absence of toxic substances 2. Efficacy - correct plant species, correct 'part' of plant, correct levels of active constituents |
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State four things that QC of herbal products seeks to control |
1. Variation in levels of active constituents 2. Contamination - pesticides; radiochemicals; microbial 3. Adulteration - addition or substitution with inferior/worthless/dangerous material 4. Deterioration - structural changes (e.g. insect attack), chemical changes, biological factors |
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State three steps involved in the analysis of herbs and herbal products |
1. Establishment of identity 2. Checking of purity 3. Measuring levels of active constituents |
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Name two sources of 'type specimens' for reference, one for living specimens, and one for preserved specimens |
Living - botanical and pharmaceutical gardens Preserved - museum or herbarium |
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What is the main source of written monographs of herbal products? |
Printed descriptions, especially Official Pharmacopoeial monographs. Many herbs not used in conventional medicine (therefore not in official monographs) but can be found in non-official publications. |
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State four identity tests found in monographs |
1. Sensory and visual appearance 2. Chemical 'wet' tests 3. Chromatographic analysis 4. Physicochemical characters |
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What type of products is microscopy mainly used for? |
Organised |
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State four properties of a herbal drug that can be observed through a microscope |
1. Features of cells and cell contents 2. Distribution of cell types in tissues 3. Size 4. Solubilities, colour reactions |
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State three applications of microscopic analysis |
1. Authentication - is product what it's reputed to be? 2. Detection of Adulteration - has any other plant or material been added to the herbal product? 3. Identification - check features against database for a number of known herbal products. Closely relate species not always possible to distinguish, especially if powdered. |
